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Modern World History > French Revolution > Flashcards

French Revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What group of people started this revolution and why?

A

Educated middle-class men who wanted political power equivalent to their social standing + economic power

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2
Q

Relation to American Revolution

A

Inspired French philosophes + their followers

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen?

A

Equality of all women

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4
Q

Who wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen?

A

Olympe de Gouges

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5
Q

Extent of change

A

More radical than American Rev; Sought to replace entire old system with new political + social + cultural structures

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6
Q

Ancien regime

A

Old order

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7
Q

Causes

A

Complete bankruptcy from war debts + maintain army; Unfair voting in Estates General

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8
Q

Louis XVI (16)

A

Initially thought he couldn’t raise revenue from peasants -> Tried to increase taxes on nobility -> Summon Estates general to get money -> Increase

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9
Q

Why didn’t increase taxes on nobility work?

A

Protested because they were normally excused from taxation

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10
Q

Estate General

A

Assembly that represented the entire French population through estates (1 vote for each)

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11
Q

Social hierarchy in ancien regime

A

1st Estate > 2nd Estate > 3rd Estate

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12
Q

1st Estate

A

RC clergy; Socially + politically conservative - disliked reforms of estate general

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13
Q

2nd Estate

A

Nobles; Socially + politically conservative - disliked reforms of estate general

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14
Q

3rd Estate

A

Rest of population (serfs, peasants, artisans, bankers, etc); Demanded political + social reforms based on popular sovereignty (JJR)

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15
Q

National Assembly

A

Revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate after leaving the Estate General; 1 man = 1 vote;

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16
Q

Tenis Court Oath

A

Members of national assembly claimed to never disband until France has a new constitution

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17
Q

Storming of the Bastille

A

Start of the French revolution; Attack on prison due to fear that King Louis XVI was about to arrest France’s newly constituted National Assembly

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18
Q

Who declared the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen?

A

National Assembly

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen?

A

Equality of all men; Sovereignty resides in the people (JJR); Individual rights to liberty, property, and security (Locke)

20
Q

Goals

A

Liberty, equality, and fraternity

21
Q

What did the National Assembly do to the old order?

A

Abolish the old order + fees / labor services that peasants owned to their landlords

22
Q

What did the National Assembly do to religious institutions?

A

Altered the role of the church by seizing church lands + abolish 1st estate + define clergy as civilians + require clergy to take an oath of loyalty to state

23
Q

What did the National Assembly do to the government?

A

Issued constitution that made the king the main executive official but is deprived of legislative authority / can’t change or create laws (Montesquieu)

24
Q

Type of government under National Assembly

A

Constitutional monarchy where men of property were the only ones that had power to vote

25
Q

DRMC + Enlightenment influence

A

2nd article: Goal of political association is the preservation of natural rights of man, which are liberty + property + security + resistance to oppression (Locke)
3rd article: Principle of all sovereignty resides in the people (JJR)
4th + 11th article: Liberty consists in the freedom to do anything that doesn’t harm another + Free communication of thoughts (Voltaire)

26
Q

Effects of National Assembly toward nobility

A

Diminished status

27
Q

What did the nobility do to try to gain back power?

A

Use foreign powers to support the king + restore old order

28
Q

Why was the Convention created?

A

Revolutionary leaders feared military defeat + counter-revolution

29
Q

The Convention

A

Legislative body elected by universal manhood suffrage - abolish monarchy + declared France a republic

30
Q

Universal manhood suffrage

A

Form of voting rights where all adult male citizens within a political system are allowed to vote, regardless of income, property, religion, race, etc

31
Q

Levee en masse

A

Draft people + resources for use in war against invading forces; Created by the Convention

32
Q

How did the Convention solve foreign and domestic threats?

A

Levee en masse + use of guillotine

33
Q

Committee of Public Safety

A

Committee that oversee military + foreign policy + coordinated war effort + ensured unity against foreign coalitions; Executive authority of the Republic

34
Q

Maximilien Robespierre

A

Lawyer by trade; Ruthless but powerful radical; Led the CPS

35
Q

Who were the Jacobins and what did they believe in?

A

Maximilien’s supporters and believed France needed complete restructuring;

36
Q

What are Jacobins’ influence in religion?

A

Sought to remove influence of Christianity by closing churches + forcing priests to marry + promote “cult of reason” as a secular alternative

37
Q

Cult of reason

A

Atheist religion created by the Jacobins; Encouraged citizens to wear working-class clothes

38
Q

Cult of reason on women

A

Increased their rights by allowing them to inherit property and divorce their husbands - didn’t allow women to vote or participate in political affairs

39
Q

Olympe de Gouges

A

French revolutionary; Advocate for women’s rights; Declaration of Rights of Women + Citizens; Killed by the Jacobins bc they didn’t want women to have more rights of freedom and equality

40
Q

Reign of Terror

A

Radicals who disagrees with Robespierre and the Jacobins were massacred by the guillotine

41
Q

Result of the reign of terror

A

The Convention arrested and killed Robespierre and his allies

42
Q

Who ruled after Robespierre was killed?

A

The Directory

43
Q

The Directory

A

A five-member committee that failed to reform the disastrous economy + military problems; Kept changing policies + faced challenges to authority

44
Q

Result of the Directory

A

Napoleon Bonaparte

45
Q

What did this revolution lead to?

A

Destroyed hierarchical social order of ancien regime + extended political and legal rights to all citizens (until Napoleon + later rulers)

46
Q

Women rights under NA + Convention

A

Free public education; Wives have a share of family property; Legalized divorce; No right to vote / participate in public affairs

Modern World History (13 decks)

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