Ruminant Respiratory Surgery

Question 1

dehorning of cattle >2 months can be done using what methods? (4)

Answer 1

-barnes (calves 3 months - 1 year) -keystone (guillotine) -powered saw -OB wire

Question 2

Answer 2

Question 3

which muscles do you split when doing a tracheostomy? and what tool do you use?

Answer 3

sternohyoideus and sternthyroideus using Weitlaner retractor

Question 4

3 approaches used to drain pharyngeal abscesses

Answer 4

-orally -transcutaneous -via pharyngotomy

Question 5

treatment for masses in nasal cavity/nasopharynx? what approach is used?

Answer 5

endoscope guided resection using a chain ecraseur approach through nostril for rostral masses approach through mouth for caudal masses

Question 6

when doing thermal debudding, when do you know to stop?

Answer 6

when surrounding skin is copper colored

Question 7

treatment of issues in maxillary sinus (maxillary sinusitis, sinonasal cyst, neoplasia)

Answer 7

maxillary bone flap (performed under GA in lateral recumbency)

Question 8

contraindication for cosmetic dehorning?

Answer 8

infection (because don’t want to close over the infection)

Question 9

what sequelae can occur if a fracture of the first rib goes unnoticed in a calf?

Answer 9

compression of the trachea refer for partial costectomy + extraluminal rings or intraluminal stent or euthanize

Question 10

this lymph node can abscess in calves and cause dyspnea

Answer 10

retropharyngeal LN (just caudal to pharynx)

Question 11

which sinus in cattle communicates with the cornual diverticulum?

Answer 11

frontal sinus

Question 12

sign of lower airway issues

Answer 12

EXPIRATORY dyspnea

Question 13

difference between cattle and horses when it comes to arytenoid chondritis

Answer 13

always infectious in cattle

Question 14

tool needed to treat frontal sinusitis

Answer 14

trephine

Question 15

surgical options for arytenoid chondritis (3)

Answer 15

-tracheolaryngostomy -permanent tracheostomy -arytenoidectomy via laryngotomy incision

Question 16

trephination

Answer 16

surgery used for treatment of frontal sinusitis

Question 17

how long is the incision for a tracheostomy?

Answer 17

10 cm at the junction of the cranial and middle 1/3 of neck

Question 18

which sinus cavity in cattle communicates with the palantine sinus and nasal cavity via the nasomaxillary opening?

Answer 18

maxillary sinus

Question 19

where is incision made for pharyngotomy?

Answer 19

ventral midline from thyroid cartilage of larynx to rostral end of basihyoid bone

Question 20

Answer 20

Power saw for dehorning

Question 21

when doing a tracheostomy: your incision into the annular ligament must be…

Answer 21

<50 % circumference

Question 22

Answer 22

Chain ecraseur

Question 23

issues seen in maxillary sinus? (3)

Answer 23

-sinusitis -sinonasal cyst -neoplasia

Question 24

equipment needed for maxillary bone flap

Answer 24

periosteal elevator mallet + osteotome

Question 25

Answer 25

Question 26

Answer 26

Question 27

which is a dominant allele: horned or polled?

Answer 27

polled

Question 28

chemical debudding is used for what ages? any pros/cons?

Answer 28

< 1 week old cons: can recur; no anesthetic used so can be uncomfortable for calf

Question 29

treatment of frontal sinusitis

Answer 29

trephination

Question 30

anesthesia for dehorning: nerve and landmark

Answer 30

-block cornual n. (a branch of the zygomaticotemporal, which is a branch of trigeminal V2) landmark: temporal crest

Question 31

laryngeal necrobacillosis is caused by…

Answer 31

fusobacterium necrophorum

Question 32

debudding

Answer 32

done in calves <2 months; destroys horn producing cells (corium) methods: -chemical/caustic paste -thermal/cautery -cutting: tube, cup, scoop

Question 33

what’s unique about ruminants mediastinum?

Answer 33

complete!!

Question 34

cutting debudding uses _____ tool.

Answer 34

cup/scoop

Question 35

most common bacteria cultured from frontal sinusitis (2)

Answer 35

-when occurs secondary to dehorning: trueperella pyogenes -when is respiratory origin: pasteurella multocida

Question 36

prognosis for frontal sinusitis is good. what’s a negative prognostic indicator?

Answer 36

CNS signs

Question 37

Answer 37

Arytenoid chondritis in jersey cow

Question 38

treatment for masses involving conchae

Answer 38

nasal flap elevation

Question 39

Answer 39

Barnes

Question 40

what must you remember when using a scoop to debud a calf?

Answer 40

must remove 1 cm of haired skin to prevent recurrence

Question 41

what’s unique about the bovine upper airway?

Answer 41

-incomplete caudal nasopharyngeal septum -prominent rounded corniculate processes -jersey cows have irregular dark pigmentation of their laryngeal mucosa

Question 42

causes of nasal obstruction (5)

Answer 42

-congenital: -sinonasal cyst -choanal atresia (usually fatal) -acquired -nasal granulomas (due to infections) -nasal polyps -neoplasia (osteoma, ACA)

Question 43

how many sinuses do cattle have? which are most important?

Answer 43

6 maxillary and frontal are most important

Question 44

which sinus is difficult to lavage and why: maxillary or frontal?

Answer 44

frontal: empties into nasal cavity through multiple fenestrations

Question 45

rib fractures in cattle most commonly occurs at ____ time and at _____ location

Answer 45

at birth at the costochondral junction

Question 46

sign of upper airway obstruction

Answer 46

inspiratory dyspnea

Question 47

what tool is used to resect masses in nasal cavity/nasopharynx?

Answer 47

chain ecraseur

Question 48

causes of frontal sinusitis

Answer 48

-Dehorning -trauma/horn fracture -frontal bone fracture

Question 49

cons of scoop method of debudding?

Answer 49

bloody, painful, risk to handler

Question 50

what must you remember when doing a maxillary bone flap?

Answer 50

BEWARE of fascial vein

Question 51

Answer 51

Question 52

what to remember when using the barnes to dehorn cattle? (3)

Answer 52

-for cattle 3 months - 1 year -must remove at least 1 cm haired skin -hemostasis of cornual artery required