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Ryan's shit list - Step 1 > RSL - Neuro > Flashcards

RSL - Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

Hunger. Destruction –> Anorexia, failure to thrive (infants). inhibited by leptin

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2
Q

Medial hypothalamus

A

Satiety. Destruction –> hyperphagia. stimulated by leptin

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3
Q

Anterior Hypothalamus

A

Cooling, parasympathetics

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4
Q

Posterior Hypothalamus

A

Heating, sympathetics. Loss of posterior hypothalamus –> cold blooded animal

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5
Q

arcuate nucleus hypothalamus

A

Secretion of dopamine

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6
Q

Paraventricular:

A

ADH, CRH, Oxytocin (mostly), TRH

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7
Q

Supraoptic

A

ADH(mostly), Oxytocin

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8
Q

VentroposterioLateral Nucleus of thalamus -
Input:
Info:
Output:

A

Input: DCML, Spinothalamic
Info: Vibration, proprioception, pressure, touch, pain, temperature
Output: Primary somatosensory cortex

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9
Q

Ventroposteriomedial nucleus of thalamus -
Input:
Info:
Output:

A

Input: Trigeminal, Gustatory pathway
Info: Facial Sensation, Taste
Output: Primary somatosensory cortex

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10
Q

Lateralgeniculate nucleus of thalamus -
Input:
Info:
Output:

A

Input: CN II
Info: Vision
Output: Calcarine sulcus

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11
Q

Medialgeniculate nucleus of thalamus -
Input:
Info:
Output:

A

Input: Superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum
Info: Hearing
Output: Auditory cortex of temporal lobe

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12
Q

Ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus -
Input:
Info:
Output:

A

Input: basal ganglia, cerebellum
Info: Motor
Output: Motor cortex

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13
Q

Limbic system Functions

A 
Emotion, (Feeding, fleeing, fighting, feeling, fucking)
Long term memory
Olfaction
Behavioural modification
ANS function
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14
Q

Limbic system contents

A

Hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, mammillary bodies, cingulate gyrus

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15
Q

Cerebellar Superior Peduncle

A

Cerebllum –> cortex

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16
Q

Cerebellar Middle peduncle

A

Cortex –> Cerebellum

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17
Q

Cerebellar inferior peduncle

A

Spinal Cord –> cerebellum

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18
Q

Athetosis
Presentation:
Lesion:

A

Presentation: Slow writhing movements, especially in fingers
Lesion: Basal Ganglia (ie. huntingtons)

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19
Q

Dystonia

Presentation:

A

Sustained, involuntary muscle contractions

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20
Q

Hemiballismus
Presentation:
Lesion:

A

Presentation: Sudden, wild flailing of 1 arm (+/- ipsilateral leg)
Lesion: Contralateral subthalamic nucleus (ie. lacunar stroke)

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21
Q

Myoclonus

Presentation:

A

Sudden, brief uncontrolled muscle contraction

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22
Q

Amygdala Lesion (+ association)

A

Klüver bucy syndrome (disinhibited behavior; hypersexualized, hyperphagia, hyperorality)
Associated with HSV1

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23
Q

Frontal lobe lesion

A

Disinhibition and deficiets in concentration, orientation, judgement; may have re-emergence of primative reflexes

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24
Q

Non-dominant side Parietal-temporal lesion

A

Hemispacial neglect syndrome (agnosia of the contralateral side of the world)

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25
Q

Dominant side Parietal-temporal lesion (+ disease)

A

Agraphia, acalculia, Finger agnosia, left-right disorientation
(Gerstmann syndrome)

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26
Q

Cerebellar vermis Lesion

A

Truncal ataxia, dysarthria

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27
Q

Paramedian pontine reticular formation

A

Eyes deviate away from side of lesion

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28
Q

Frontal eye field lesion

A

Eyes look towards the lesion

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29
Q

MAC (minimal alveolar concentration)

A

Low MAC = High potency

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30
Q

Blood: gas and onset of drug time

A

High Blood:Gas coefficient = Slow onset (lots stuck in blood)

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31
Q

Medial medullary syndrome

A

Anterior spinal (*Motor, proprioception, hypoglossal)

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32
Q

Lateral medullary syndrome (wallenberg)

A

PICA (*Nucleus accumbens –> hoarsness, dysphagia)

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33
Q

Lateral pontine syndrome

A

AICA (*Facial nucleus –> Paralysis, loss of anterior 2/3 taste

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34
Q

Ischemia detection (Time): CT vs MRI

A

CT: 6-24h
MRI: 3-30 min

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35
Q

Time since ischemic event: Histology

|__ __| __ __ | __ __ | __

A

Onset: | (nothing) (red neurons)
1 day: | Neutrophils Macrophages
1 week: | Reactive gliosis Glial scar
1 month: | Cavity / cyst

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36
Q

Central post-stroke pain syndrome: symptoms

A

Allodynia (ordinarily painless stimuli cause pain)

Dysesthesia (Altered perception of stimuli)

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37
Q

Spinal muscular atrophy (Werdnig-Hoffmann disease)

A

Congenital degeneration of the anterior horns –> LMN lesion –> Floppy baby syndrome (hypotonia, tongue fasiculations)

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38
Q

Friedreich Ataxia COD, dysfunction

A
  • hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

- Impairment in mitochondrial functioning

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39
Q

Dermatomes:

C2, C3, C4, T4, T7, T10, L1, L4, S234

A

C2 - Skull cap, C3 - Turtle neck, C4 - low collar, T4 - Nipple, T7 - Xiphoid, T10 - Umbilicus, L1 - inguinal ligment, L4 - Knee cap, S234 - Errection and sensation to penile and anal zones

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40
Q

reflexes: S1 S2, L3 L4, T5 T6, T7 T8, L1 L2, S3 S4

A 
Achillies: S1 S2,
Patellar: L3 L4, 
Bicepts: T5 T6, 
Tricepts: T7 T8, 
Cremaster: L1 L2, 
Anal wink: S3 S4
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41
Q

Moro Reflex

A

abduct/extend arms when startled and then bring them together

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42
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Nipple seeking

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43
Q

Sucking reflex

A

if top of mouth is touched

44
Q

Palmar reflex

A

Flex fingers when palm is stroked

45
Q

Plantar reflex

A

Babinski sign

46
Q

Galant reflex

A

Stroke lateral spine –> hip flexion in that direction

47
Q

Optic canal passageway

A

CN II, opthalmic artery, Central retinal vein

48
Q

Superior orbital fissure

A

CN III, IV, V1, VI, opthalmic vein, sympathetic fibres

49
Q

Foramen rotundum

50
Q

Foramen ovale

51
Q

Foramen spinosum

A

Middle meningeal artery

52
Q

Internal auditory meatus

A

CN VII, VIII

53
Q

Jugular foramen

A

CN IX, X, XI, jugular vein

54
Q

Hypoglossal canal

55
Q

Foramen magnum

A

Spinal roots of CN XI, brainstem, vertebral arteries

56
Q

Nucleus Solitarius

A

Visceral sensory information (e.g. taste, baroreceptors, gut distention)
CN VII, IX, X

57
Q

Nucleus Ambiguus

A

Motor innervation of pharynx, larynx, Upper GI

CN IX, X, XI

58
Q

Dorsal motor nuclei

A

Autonomic fibres to the heart, lung, and GI

CN X

59
Q

Cingulate herniation under ___

A

Falx cerebri: Anterior artery compression

60
Q

Transtentorial herniation

A

Caudal displacement of brainstem: Duret hemorrhages (fatal)

61
Q

Uncal herniation through __

A

Tentorium cerebelli: CN III, PCA, Contralateral crus

62
Q

Presbyopia

A

Inability to accomodate (possibly due to old age –> decreased elasticity)

63
Q

Scotoma

A

area of lost vision (scotoma; darkness - greek)

64
Q

Edingerwestfal nucleus –>

A

–> CN III –> Ciliary ganglion –> Ciliary muscle/ pupil constrictor

65
Q

Superior salivary nucleus –>

A
  • -> CN VII –> Pterygopalantine ganglion –> Lacrimal and nasal glands
  • -> Submandibular ganglion –> Submandibular and sublingual gland
66
Q

Inferior salivary nucleus –>

A

–> CN IX –> Otic ganglion –> parotid gland

67
Q

Marcus Gunn Pupil

A

Afferent pupillary defect

68
Q

Frontotemporal dementia: Histology

A

Pick bodies; silver-staining spherical tau protein aggregates

69
Q

Krabbe Disease

A

Galactocerebrosidase mutation: Destruction of myelin sheath. Globoid cells

70
Q

Metachromatic Leukodystrophy

A

Arylsulfatase A deficiency: Sulfatides buildup –> destruction of myelin sheath

71
Q

Adrenoleukodystrophy

A

Can’t break down VLCFA

72
Q

Cluster headaches

A

Repetitive brief headaches, unilateral (periorbital), associated with lacrimation/rhinorrhea
Duration: 15min - 3h
Treat: sumatriptan

73
Q

Tension

A

Tightness in band like constriction, constant, associated with stress, bilateral
Duration: >30 min
Treat: analgesics, NSAIDs,

74
Q

Migraine

A

Unilateral, pulsading pain, nausea, photophobia, phonophobia. Dt/ iritation of CN V, meninges, or blood vessels
Duration: 4-72h
Treat: Triptans, NSAIDS, prophylaxis with propranolol, topiramate, CCBs

75
Q

Sturge-Weber syndrome

A

Port-wine stain of face, ipsilateral Leptomeningeal angioma, episcleral hemangioma

STURGE: Sporatic, port-wine Stain, Tram track calcifications (CNS), Unilateral, Retardation, Glaucoma (episcleral hemangioma), GNAQ, Epilepsy (ipsilateral leptomeningeal angioma)

76
Q

Neurofibromatosis

A

NF1 on Ch 17, neurofibromin –| RAS,

  • Café au lait spots,
  • Lisch nodules (hamartoma of Iris)
  • Cutaneous neurofibromas
  • optic gliomas
  • pheochromocytomas
77
Q

Glioblastoma Multiforme

- Histology

A

AKA grade IV astrocytoma

- pseudopallisading pleomorphic cells tumor cells border areas of necrosis and hemorrhage

78
Q

Meningioma histology

A

Whorled pattern, psammoma bodies, arise from arachnoid villi

79
Q

Oligodendroglioma histology

A

Fried egg appearance, often calcified tumor intra parenchymal

80
Q

Pilocytic astrocytoma histology

A

Rosenthal fibres: eosinophilic corkscrew fibres

solid and cystic

81
Q

Medulloblastoma histology

A

Homer-wright rosettes (small blue round cells)

solid

82
Q

Ependymoma Histology

A

rod shaped blepharoplasts (basal ciliary bodies)

83
Q

Nissl substance

84
Q

Locus Ceruleus

A

Large stores of NE, associated with panic attacks and panic disorder

85
Q

Raphe nucleus

A

5-HT; Anorexia, depression, sleep disorders

86
Q

Wernicke-encephalopathy

A

Confusion, Nystagmus, Opthalmoplegia, Ataxia, anterograde amnesia
(giving dextrose without thiamine –> wernicke)

87
Q

Korsakoff psychosis

A

anterograde + retrograde amnesia, lack of insight, confabulation
(chronic thiamine def.)

88
Q

Lacunar infarct etiology

A
  1. Atherosclerosis
  2. Lipohyalinosis

Risk factors: hypertension / DM

89
Q

TCA induced QRS prolongation, hypotension, ventricular dysrhythmia treatment

A 
Sodium bicarb (Na+)
[TCAs (quinidine like effects)]
90
Q

Rb mutation associations

A

Retinoblastoma (white eye reflex)

Osteosarcoma

91
Q

Huntingtons: lesion + hormone levels

A

GABAergic neuronal death in Caudate dt/ Glutamate –> NMDA-R –> toxicity
- Low GABA, High DOPAMINE, low Ach

92
Q

Alzheimers: protective genotype + worsening genotype

A

ApoE2 = Decreased risk

ApoE4, presenilin1/2, APP = increased risk

93
Q

Acute neuronal injury (red neuron) (12-24h later)

A
  • Shrinkage of cell body
  • Loss of nissl substance
  • nuclear pyknosis
  • Eosinophilia of cytoplasm
    (Dt/ severe transient injury to neuron –> cell death)
94
Q

Axonal reaction (24h - 48h)

A
  • Cell body enlargement
  • dispersion of nissl substance
  • enlarged nucleolus, eccentric nucleus
    (loss of axon/severance)
95
Q

Neuronal atrophy

A 
Loss of neurons and fxnal groups of neurons
Reactive gliosis (dt. progressive degenerative disease)
96
Q

Dandy walker malformation

A

Agenesis of cerebellar vermis with cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle

97
Q

Ach location of synthesis

A

Basal nucleus of Meynert

98
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A

Reward center, pleasure, addiction, fear

99
Q

K complexes and sleep spindles

A

N2 (bruxism stage)

100
Q

Osmotic Demyelination syndrome (central pontine myelinolysis)

A

Hypo –> normal natremia

101
Q

alpha synuclein

A

intracellular eosinophilic inclusions

102
Q

retinitis pigmentosa

A

Bone spicule-shaped deposits around macule

103
Q

Papilledema

A

Optic disc swelling, enlarged blind spot, elevated optic disc with blurred margins

104
Q

Frontotemporal dementia

A

Silverstaining spherical tau protein

105
Q

Lewy body dementia

A

Alpha synuclein defect (lewy bodies)

Dementia followed by parkinosns

Ryan's shit list - Step 1 (27 decks)

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