RSL - Behavioural Science

Question 1

Cross sectional study: Asks?

Answer 1

What is happening (72 % of the people with COPD smoke)

Question 2

Cross sectional study: Measures

Answer 2

Disease prevelance

Question 3

Case-control study: Asks?

Answer 3

What happened (People with COPD had a higher odds of history of smoking)

Question 4

Case-control study: Measures?

Answer 4

Odds ratio

Question 5

Cohort study: Asks?

Answer 5

What will happen (smokers had higher risk of developing COPD)

Question 6

Cohort study: Measures?

Answer 6

Relative risk

Question 7

Prevelance and PPV/NPV

Answer 7

prevalence:PPV
Prevalence: 1/NPV

Question 8

Odds ratio

Answer 8

OR = AD/BC

Question 9

Relative risk

Answer 9

RR = a/(a+b) ÷ c/(c+d)

[risk of getting disease in exposed / risk of getting disease in non-exposed]

Question 10

Prevalence, OR, RR

Answer 10

If prevalence is low, RR = OR

Question 11

Attributable risk

Answer 11

AR = a/(a+b) – c/(c+d)

[how much the risk is increased by the exposure]

Question 12

Relative risk reduction

Answer 12

RRR = 1 – RR

Question 13

Absolute risk reduction

Answer 13

ARR = c/(c+d) – a/(a+b)

Question 14

Number needed to treat

Answer 14

NNT = 1/ARR

[Number of patients needed to be treated for one patient to benefit]

Question 15

Number needed to harm

Answer 15

NNH = 1/AR

[Number needed to be exposed to a risk factor for 1 patient to be harmed]

Question 16

Berkson bias

Answer 16

research participants are more unhealthy than general population

Question 17

Healthy worker bias

Answer 17

Research participants are more healthy than general population

Question 18

recall bias

Answer 18

Awareness of disorder affects recall (retrospective studies)

Question 19

measurement bias

Answer 19

Miscalibrated scale

Question 20

Procedure bias

Answer 20

subjects in different groups are not treated the same

Question 21

Lead time bias:

Answer 21

early detection is associated with increased survival

Question 22

Type 1 error

Answer 22

Alpha (false-positive)
H1 = False
H1 = Accepted

Question 23

Type 2 error

Answer 23

Beta (false negative)
H1 = True
H1 = Rejected

Question 24

Power

Answer 24

1 – beta

Question 25

power and sample size

Answer 25

Increase sample size : increase power

Question 26

t-test

Answer 26

two groups

Question 27

ANOVA

Answer 27

≥3 groups

Question 28

Chi-squared

Answer 28

≥2 groups of percentages / proportions

Question 29

Correlation coefficient

Answer 29

r

Question 30

Coefficient of determination

Answer 30

r^2

Question 31

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary disease prevention

Answer 31

1. prevention
2. screening
3. treatment
4. unecessary treatment

Question 32

Medicare

Answer 32

≥65

Question 33

Medicaid

Answer 33

Very low income

Question 34

Medicare: A

Answer 34

Hospital insurance

Question 35

Medicare: B

Answer 35

Basic medical bill

Question 36

Medicare: C

Answer 36

A + B delivered by approved private companies

Question 37

Medicare: D

Answer 37

Prescription drugs

Question 38

Apgar score

Answer 38

Appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration
≥7 = good
4-6 = assist and stimulate

Question 39

Serotonin nuclei in brain

Answer 39

Raphe nuclei