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I&I - M1T1 > RNA Viruses > Flashcards

RNA Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

How are the enteric Picornaviruses (Polio, Coxsackie, Echovirus, Enterovirus) spread?

A

Respiratory route, fecal/oral

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2
Q

What symptoms are associated with rotavirus infection?

A

Gastroenteritis - watery diarrhea (common in infants)

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3
Q

What symptoms are associated with hepatovirus A infection?

A

Hep A infection is generally asymptomatic and self-resolving. Other hepatoviruses may cause jaundice, liver enzyme changes, fever, fatigue, etc.

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4
Q

Poliovirus causes viremia and may cross the blood-brain barrier. What cells are targeted by the virus?

A

Axons of peripheral nerves

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5
Q

Parainfluenza virus is a Paramyxovirus. How is the virus spread, what is the clinical presentation, and who is most at risk?

A

Transmission via aerosols

Leading cause of croup

6 months - 6 years old at risk

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6
Q

How is norovirus spread?

A

Fecal/oral

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7
Q

All RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm of the host cell with the exception of which viruses?

A

Orthomyxovirus & Retroviruses

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of Togaviruses?

A

Enveloped, icosahedral, +ssRNA

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9
Q

What is the target for the rotavirus vaccine?

A

Outer shell proteins - VP7 & VP4

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10
Q

What is the most important Calicivirus?

A

Norovirus

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11
Q

How is hepatovirus A spread?

A

Fecal/oral, IV drug use, contaminated food (less common)

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12
Q

Describe the clinical appearance of dengue fever.

A

Fever, chills, malaise, headache, retro-orbital pain, myalgia, arthralgia, nausea, vomiting, rash

Dengue hemorrhagic fever - Thrombocytopenia. Hypovolemic shock, Multiple organ failure, Severe hemorrhage, Encephalopathy

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13
Q

Hepatitis C is protected from the human response. Why is this?

A

Assembly & release of HCV is intertwined with the maturation & release
of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles. This results in viral antigens that are coated with self-antigens.

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14
Q

What ssRNA viruses are able to act as mRNA to directly translate proteins using host machinery?

A

+ssRNA

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of Paramyxoviruses?

A

Enveloped, helical, -ss RNA virus , ubiquitous

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of Coronaviruses?

A

Enveloped, helical +ssRNA viruses, largest RNA virus, transmission via respiratory route

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of Filoviruses?

A

(-) ssRNA; enveloped, helical nucleocapsid, filamentous particles

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of Bunyaviruses?

A

Trisegmented -ss RNA, helical, enveloped

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19
Q

What diseases are caused by Coxsackie B?

A

Pericarditis, myocarditis

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20
Q

Describe the clinical progression of yellow fever.

A

3 Stages - Infection, remission, & intoxication

Infection - non-specific symptoms, viremia
Remission - clinical improvement
Inxotication - severe infection, fever, hemorrhage, liver and kidney failure, shock

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of Hepevirus?

A

Naked, icosahedral virus; +ssRNA; spread fecal/oral

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22
Q

How is Rubella prevented?

A

Live, attenuated vaccine (MMR or MMRV)

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23
Q

How are rhinoviruses transmitted?

A

Respiratory route

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24
Q

How is Rubella spread?

A

Respiratory route

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25
Q

What are the characteristics of Arenavirus (Lassa fever virus)?

A

ssRNA (2 segments); enveloped, helical capsid

L (large) strand: (-) sense RNA; encodes polymerase

S (small) strand: ambisense RNA; structural proteins

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26
Q

What cells are targeted by Flaviviruses?

A

Monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, endothelial cells

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27
Q

What is the clinical progression of rabies?

A

Initial flu-like symptoms; hydrophobia (foaming at mouth); CNS symptoms; death

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28
Q

What is the urban cycle of arboviruses?

A

Human - mosquito - human

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29
Q

What genera make up Togaviruses?

A

Alphavirus genus & Rubivirus genus

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30
Q

What is the difference between antigenic drift and antigenic shift in influenza?

A

Antigenic drift involves point mutations in HA and NA proteins that are likely to cause epidemics.

Antigenic shift is a major antigenic change due to reassortment that is likely to cause a pandemic.

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31
Q

What symptoms are associated with Marburg and Ebola?

A

Non-specific febrile illness; GI symptoms; bleeding abnormalities; post-Ebola syndrome

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32
Q

What symptoms are associated with Coltivirus infection?

A

Fever (improves then worsens), chills, headache, lethargy, myalgia, rash

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33
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus
is a Paramyxovirus. How is the virus spread, what is the clinical presentation, and who is most at risk?

A

Transmission via contact with secretions

Leading cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in children

Infants, elderly most at risk

34
Q

How is rotavirus spread?

A

Fecal-oral

35
Q

What disease is associated with Hepevirus infection?

A

Hepatitis E

36
Q

What is the sylvatic cycle of arboviruses?

A

Primate - mosquito - human

37
Q

How is yellow fever treated and prevented?

A

Treatment of symptoms only. Live, attenuated vaccine

38
Q

How is hepatovirus prevented?

A

Vaccine with inactivated virus

39
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Lassa fever virus?

A

Hemorrhagic fever - fever, malaise, weakness, headache, hemorrhage, shock, deafness

40
Q

What is the target of Coltivirus?

A

Erthryocyte precursors - remains in mature RBCs

41
Q

What is the relevant Rubivirus?

A

Rubella virus

42
Q

What virus is responsible for the flu? What family does this virus belong to?

A

Influenza, Orthomyxoviruses

43
Q

How can rabies be diagnosed?

A

IF staining, virus isolation, Negri bodies, serology, PCR

44
Q

What are the relevant Filoviruses?

A

Marburg & Ebola viruses

45
Q

What virus is the most frequent cause of the common cold?

A

Rhinovirus

46
Q

What is an ambisense virus?

A

-ssRNA virus that contains a segmented sequence whose complementary strand acts as a template for mRNA

47
Q

What are the characteristics of Reoviruses?

A

Segmented, dsRNA, naked, icosahedral

48
Q

How does the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine provide immunity to the virus?

A

The vaccine induces an antibody response to the S (Spike) protein that is necessary for attachment and entry into the host cell

49
Q

What is the clinical progression of Mumps?

A

Incubation; swollen parotid gland; systemic infection rare

50
Q

What diseases are associated with poliovirus?

A

Nonparalytic poliomyelitis (fever, fatigue, stiffness, nausea, etc.) & Paralytic poliomyelitis (muscle weakness, loss of reflexes, etc.)

51
Q

What is different about influenza replication compared to that of other –ss RNA viruses?

A

Transcription & replication take place in the nucleus

52
Q

How is poliovirus prevented?

A

Inactivated polio vaccine. Previously a live, attenuated vaccine was used to produce herd immunity but this causes polio outbreaks in some areas

53
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Hantavirus? How is the virus spread?

A

Non-specific viral symptoms followed by cardiopulmonary symptoms (cough, edema, shock); spread through aerosols with contaminated rodent saliva, feces, or urine

54
Q

How is rotavirus diagnosed, treated, and prevented?

A

Diagnosed - antigen in stool, PCR
Treatment - manage dehydration & electrolytes
Prevention - live virus vaccine

55
Q

How is rabies treated and prevented?

A

Prevented with live, attenuated vaccine for domestic animals; treatment with Rabies immune globulin (RIG)

56
Q

What are the major reoviruses?

A

Rotavirus, coltivirus

57
Q

What are the characteristics of Orthomyxoviruses?

A

Helical, enveloped virus; segmented -ss RNA

58
Q

What is the clinical appearance of Zika virus?

A

Fever, rash, conjunctivitis, headache, myalgia, Guillain-Barré syndrome (rare)

Congenitally - Microcephaly, intracranial calcifications, hearing & visual defects, limb deformities, club
feet

59
Q

What diseases are associated with norovirus infection?

A

Gastroenteritis

60
Q

What cells are targeted by Lassa fever virus?

A

Dendritic cells, monocytes, &
macrophages

61
Q

What are the characteristics of Rhabdoviruses (rabies)?

A

-ss RNA; helical, enveloped; bullet shaped; animal hosts; highest fatality of infectious viral disease

62
Q

What disease is associated with Coxsackie A16?

A

Hand-foot-mouth disease

63
Q

How is SARS-CoV-2 prevented?

A

Three vaccines - mRNA vaccine, recombinant vaccine, viral vector vaccine. All target the S protein

64
Q

What is the clinical presentation of West Nile virus, St Louis encephalitis virus, and Powassan encephalitis N. America
virus?

A

Typically asymptomatic, may cause mild flu-like symptoms. In rare cases can cause encephalitis

65
Q

All RNA viruses are enveloped with the exception of which viruses?

A

Picornaviridae, Caliciviviridae (norovirus),
Hepeviridae (hepatitis E virus), Reoviridae (rotavirus)

66
Q

How does SARS-CoV-2 enter cells?

A

Spike protein binds to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)

67
Q

Hemagglutinin (HA) & Neuraminidase (NA) proteins determine the antigenicity of influenza. What is the function of each protein?

A

HA - Attaches to sialic acid for viral entry
NA - Cleave sialic residues to promote viral spread

68
Q

What Enteroviruses are associated with CNS diseases?

A

Polio, Coxsackie B1, Enterovirus 71, Enterovirus D68

69
Q

What is the relevant Bunyavirus?

A

Hantavirus

70
Q

How is Hepatitis C spread?

A

IV drug use, contaminated blood, sexual tramission

71
Q

What is the most common complication of Lassa fever virus infection?

A

Deafness

72
Q

What is the clinical progression of Measles?

A

Incubation period; cough, coryza, conjunctivitis & photophobia; Koplik’s spots (blueish-white spots); morbiliform rash

73
Q

How is Ebola transmitted?

A

Person to person
transmission through
contact with contaminated
body fluids

74
Q

What is the function of NSP4 in rotavirus?

A

Acts as an enterotoxin

75
Q

What are the characteristics of Picornaviruses?

A

+ssRNA, naked, ichosahedral

76
Q

What are the characteristics of Flaviviruses?

A

Enveloped, icosahedral, +ssRNA , most are arboviruses

77
Q

Are RNA viruses are single-stranded with the exception of what viruses?

A

Rotavirus

78
Q

What are the characteristics of Caliciviruses?

A

Naked, icosahedral, +ssRNA virus

79
Q

What are the major Picornaviruses?

A

Poliovirus, Coxsackie virus, Echovirus, Enterovirus, Hepatitis A, Parechovirus, Rhinovirus

80
Q

How is influenza prevented?

A

Vaccine that protects against the most prevalent circulating strands

81
Q

What is the clinical appearance of Rubella?

A

Rash (begins on face and trunk and spreads outwards), fever, lymphadenopathy

Congenital - Cataracts, mental retardation, cardiac
abnormalities, deafness

I&I - M1T1 (36 decks)

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