Bacteria that do not Gram Stain Flashcards
What are properties of Myco. tuberculosis?
produces niacin slowly, needs Lowenstein Jensen agar and either, Ziehl Neelsen, Kinyon, or Rodamine stain
Treatment for TB
BCG vaccine, rifampin, isoniazid
What are characteristics of spirochetes?
gram -, corkscrew motility via axial filaments, enter through skin and mucous.
How is TB virulent and spread?
mycolic acid prevents macrophage killing, has LAM which prevent phagocyte activation, it spreads via aerosols and infects those who are usually malnourished, drug users, or alcoholics.
Which nonstaining bacteria has LPS and acts like a virus?
Chlamydia
Ghon complex
fibrotic lesions on upper lobes of lungs found in patients with TB
What are properties of mycobacterium leprae?
strict human pathogen in macrophage and schwann cells. Spread from inhalation or if you play with armadillos. HLA predisposition in western and southern states. Comoes in two forms: tuberculoid = no disfigurement, more sensory loss. Lepromatous form = nodules, tissue/ cartilage destruction, and some sensory loss.
What are treatments for chlamydia?
doxycycline treats the urethritis, conjunctivitis, LGV, and trachoma. You can also use azithromycin.
What are symptoms of tuberculosis?
CNS - meningitis, granulomas that cause IL-2, TH1, and IFNy release leading to overactive macrophages, night sweats, cough, Pott’s disease (CNS damage of vertebrae), and miliary dissemination. Diagnose with PPD test (secondary) , chest X ray (miliary or granulomas), or sputum.
What do you treat M. pneumoniae and M. genitalium with?
pneumoniae = tetracycline, fluoroquinolones, and erythromycin. genitalium =azithromycin
Which non staining bacteria is an intracellular parasite of macrophages?
Mycobacteria
Chlamydia serotypes
A-C = trachomatis which is blindness
D-K = non gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis; STIs that cause Reiter’s and PID
L1-L2 = lymphopathy
Which non staining bacteria requires Eaton agar and has sterols in it’s membrane, but NO cell wall?
Mycoplasma
What is pathogenesis of syphilis?
Primary = 2-3 weeks of rash and painless chancre. Secondary stage = 2-24 weeks dissemination and condoyloma lota = warty papillar lesions on soles. Latent = 1-2 years, may relapse. Tertiary = several years later, granulamatous, cardiovascular = aoritis or replacement of elasticity, and CNS damage.
What diseases does Mycobacteria avium intracellularae cause?
pulmonary disease in COPD and TB patients, subacute lymphadenitis usually in kids under 5, disseminated disease in patients with AIDS
What are properties of legionella pneumophilia?
gram neg, aerobic, motile rod, urease +, and found in intracellular amoeba in tap water. It is fastidious because needs Dieterel silver stain, and grows on BYCE agar which is a cysteine iron agar. Clincally: opportunistic, flu-like, pontiac fever can be nosocomial, and lethal pneumonia.
What are properties of nocardia?
catalase, aerobic, gram pos, spread air borne (aibrone for aerobic)
How do you treat MAC
in immunocompetent = clarithromycin and ethambutol w either clofazaminine or ciprofloxacin. Immunocompromised = rifabutin and ethambutol with either clarithromycin or clofazaminine
What the 4 types of disease causing treponema (spirochetes)?
Trep Pertenue = in tropical areas, direct contact with lesions cause “yaws”, bone/skin warts. Trep endimicum = Mediterranean, transmission through saliva causes “Bejel”, mouth sores and bone lumps. Trep carateum = Mexico, direct contact causes “pinta”, raised flaky papules. Trep pallidum = STI, common in prostitutes and homosexual men.
What are clinical presentations of Nocardia asteriodes?
bronchopulmonary nocardoisis causing pneumonia, CNS abscess (like mycobacteria), or cutaneous inoculation.
When and what type of pneumonias does legionella cause?
Usually in fall and causes lethal or nosocomial
What are clinical manifestations of mycoplasma?
common in military and colleges because droplets spread then adhere via P1 protein to glycolipids of cilia. Clinically causes inflammation, tracheobronchitis (wheezing) in babies, ear aches in adults, high morbidity low mortality, Steven Johnson syndrome (erythemic rash), and M. pneumoniae can be gradual and produce agluttins
What is treatment for nocardia?
sulfomides or TMP-SMX
How do you screen and treat syphillus?
Screen via RPR = which looks for IgG, VDRL = looks for cardiolipin antibodies, FTA = treponemal antibodies. Treat with penicillin G
How do granulomas form?
macrophages in lungs produce TNFa and IL-12, activates T cells which produce IFNy and TH1, that Th1 is going to recruit more macrophages and NKs to form granuloma ball. The TB can survive in this latent/ hypoxic environment because it has LAT genes
What are 4 species of mycoplasmataceae?
- M. pneumoniae = upper RT diseases and metabolize glucose
- M. hominis = yields pelvic inflammatory disease, post partum fever
- M. genitalium = causes nongonoccal urethritis
- Urealyticum = causes non gonnococal urethritis or pneumoniae in infants.
What are 5 non-tubercular mycobacteria?
- Marinum = from water, causes fever, cellulitis
- Konasaii = mines, causes pulmonary
- Sacrofulacum = cervical problems
- ulcerans = skin (Nile)
- MAC = pulmonary disease, lymphadentis, or disseminated Gi
TB test positivity
Based on area of induration: > 5mm for HIV, recent contacts. >10 for immigrants, drug users, children under 4, >15 random person.
What are phases and treatments of legionella?
incubation is 2-10 days, prodromal phase = malaise, fever, headache, diarrhea. Treat with macrolides and quinolones.
What’s pathogenesis of chlamydia?
elementary body binds to cell and once phagocytosed is converted to reticular body and replicate. The reticular body isn’t infectious until released
Leprosy treatment
dapsone and rifampin
What are manifestations of the three types of chlamydia: trachomatis, pneumoniae, and psittaci?
Trachomatis - is serotypes D-K causing cervicitis, urethritis, and nongonnoccal urethritis. Pneumoniae = usually asymptomatic (walking pneumonia), spread via respiration causing asthma or Guillen Barr. Psittaci = from inhaling bird poop, parrot fever, edema, necrosis.
Granulomas
allow us to have microenvironment to fight infection, for bacteria they can turn on LAT genes becasue latent enviroment due to recruitment of macrophages, lymphocytes via IFNy.
How’s Mycoplasma pneumoniae different than hominis and urealyticum?
It metabolizes glucose
How does mycoplasma pneumoniae infect?
spread via respiratory droplets, common in dorms and military barracks. P1 protein attaches to neuraminic acid of cilia inhibiting it, and causes inflammation. Also produces cold agglutins which causes anemia
How do you see treponema pallidum?
dark microscopy or fluorescent staining, and can only be grown on rabbit testis
What’s pathogenesis of Syphilis?
Primary = rash, painless chancres (2-3 weeks)
Secondary = hands/feet rash, condylomata (warty lesions), lymphadenopathy (2-24 weeks)
Latent = asymptomatic, may relapse (1-2 years)
Tertiary = gumma which are granulomatous lesions, CNS tabes dorsalis which is damage to vertebrae which causes loss sensation, and aoritis which is when elastic heart tissue replaced with fibrous (several years later)
