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I&I - M1T1 > DNA Viruses > Flashcards

DNA Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

How is variola (smallpox) transmitted?

A

Respirtaory route or contact with lesions

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2
Q

What diseases/symptoms are associated with Parvovirus B19?

A

Erythema infectiosum (cold-like symptoms with slapped check rash and lacey rash on trunk and extremities), aplastic anemia, arthritis

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3
Q

How is parvovirus diagnosed, treated, and prevented?

A

Diagnosed based on clinical appearance and serology, if necessary. Treatment is symptom management and blood transfusion in cases of severe anemia. No vaccine is available.

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4
Q

What is the clinical progression of HHV-6 & HHV-7 infection?

A

Incubation period, followed by abrupt high fever. WHen the fever subsides, rash appears. Recovery without complication.

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5
Q

What disease is associated with JC virus?

A

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). JCV crosses the blood-brain barrier and leads to demyelination. This is most common in AIDS patients.

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6
Q

How is HBV diagnosed, treated, and prevented?

A

Diagnosed by clinical presentation, serology, PCR.

Treated with HBV immunoglobulin and antiviral drugs.

Prevention with recombinant vaccine that induces response to HBsAg.

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7
Q

What tissues are typically infected by Polyomavirisues?

A

Tonsils & lymphocytes with spreading to the kidneys

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8
Q

How is molluscom contagiosum transmitted?

A

Skin-skin contact or fomites

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9
Q

What viruses belong to the Alpha Herpesviruses Family?

A

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), Varicella-zoster

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10
Q

What cells are commonly infected by Herpesviruses alpha viruses?

A

Mucoepithelial cells, fibroblasts, T cells

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11
Q

What clinical diseases are associated with HHV-8/Kaposi’s sarcoma?

A

Kaposi sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, multicentric Castleman’s disease (multiproliferative lymphadenopathy)

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12
Q

What Polyomavirisues are associated with human infection?

A

JC virus & BK virus

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13
Q

How is Varicella Zoster transmitted?

A

Respiratory route

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of Poxviruses?

A

Enveloped, dsDNA virus with a complex capsid. Replication occurs in the cytoplasm

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15
Q

What cells are commonly infected by Herpesviruses beta viruses?

A

Leukocytes, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, lymphocytes
You’re beta are HHV 6, HHV 7 and CMV

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16
Q

What types of adenoviruses are associated with more severe infections of the lower respiratory tract?

A

Types 4, 7, & 14

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17
Q

What is the only DNA virus that is not double-stranded?

A

Parvoviruses

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18
Q

How is smallpox prevented?

A

Live, attenuated vaccinia virus, scratch with bif. needle

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19
Q

What cells are typically infected by Papillomavirisues?

A

Epithelial cells of skin & mucosal membranes

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20
Q

How is adenovirus diagnosed, treated, and prevented?

A

Diagnosis by culture, PCR, or antibody titers. Treatment with symptom management. Live-nonattenuated oral vaccine, provided typically only in the military

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21
Q

How is HSV transmitted?

A

Contact with bodily fluids or skin-skin contact

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22
Q

How are Polyomavirisues spread?

A

Inhalation or fecal/oral

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23
Q

Parvovirus can cross the placenta. What is the result on the developing fetus?

A

First trimester - fetal death
Second trimester - hydrops fetalis

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24
Q

What is the most common Papillomavirisus?

A

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

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25
Q

To what receptor does Epstein-Barr virus bind?

A

CR2/CD21 & MHC II on B cells

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26
Q

What diseases/symptoms are associated with Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection?

A

Mononucleosis-like syndrome, pneumonia, encephalitis, retinitis, colitis, esophagitis, cytomegalic inclusion disease (hearing loss, visual impairment, and mental retardation in infants)

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27
Q

What are the characteristics of Herpesviruses?

A

Enveloped, icosahedral dsDNA virus. Three subfamilies - Alpha, Beta, Gamma.

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28
Q

What virus is the leading cause of viral encephalitis?

A

HSV-1

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29
Q

Where does HSV-1 remain dormant?

A

Neuron in the trigeminal ganglion

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30
Q

What virus is associated with chicken pox?

A

Varicella Zoster

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31
Q

How is adenovirus diagnosed, treated, and prevented?

A

Diagnosis by culture, PCR, or antibody titers. Treatment with symptom management. Live-nonattenuated oral vaccine, provided typically only in the military

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32
Q

What are the characteristics of adenoviruses?

A

Naked, icosahedral, dsDNA virus

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33
Q

What disease is associated with BK virus?

A

Hemorrhagic cystitis

34
Q

How is HBV transmitted?

A

Sexually, IV drug use, mother to baby during birth

35
Q

What are the characteristics of Papillomavirisues?

A

Naked, icosahedral dsDNA virus

36
Q

What is the only DNA virus to not replicate in the nucleus?

A

Poxviruses

37
Q

How are Papillomavirisues spread?

A

Direct contact, contaminated fomites, sexually transmission, neonatal exposure during birth

38
Q

What infection is associated with HSV-1?

A

Oral herpes

39
Q

Where does HSV-2 remain dormant?

A

Neuron in the sacral dorsal root ganglion

40
Q

HPV is capable of causing lytic, latent, and transforming infections. How does HPV cause a transforming infection and what is the result?

A

HPV can integrate into the host genome. Viral DNA is not replicated by HPV oncogenes are expressed. This can lead to the transformation of cells and carcinoma.

41
Q

HHV-8 is typically asymptomatic in immunocompetent patients. What symptoms are present during primary infection with HHV-8 in immunocompromised patients?

A

Fever, splenomegaly, lymphoid hyperplasia

42
Q

How is monkeypox treated and prevented?

A

Tecovirimat – approved for treatment of smallpox; inhibits release of new viral particles
Vaccinia Immune Globulin Intravenous (VIGIV)
Cidofovir – used for CMV retinitis; shown to be effective against orthopoxviruses inin vitroand animal studies; inhibits viral polymerase
Brincidofovir – approved for use in smallpox; polymerase inhibitor

JYNNEOS vaccine – live, attenuated non-replicating orthopoxvirus

43
Q

What cells are commonly infected by Herpesviruses gamma viruses?

A

B cells, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, monocytes

44
Q

What clinical disease is most commonly associated with Epstein-Barr virus?

A

Mononucleosis

45
Q

What viruses belong to the Beta Herpesviruses Family?

A

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Human herpesvirus 6, Human herpesvirus 7

46
Q

How does HBV replicate its genome?

A

Using a RNA-dependent DNA polymerase with RNAase activity

47
Q

What diseases/symptoms are associated with adenovirus infection?

A

Pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, pharnygojunctival fever, gastroenteritis

48
Q

What symptoms are associated with HPV infection?

A

Cutaneous warts, genital warts, laryngeal papillomas, carcinoma of cervix, penis, and anus

49
Q

What are the medically significant Poxciruses?

A

Variola, Monkeypox, Mulluscum contagiosum virus

50
Q

What types of adenoviruses are associated with gastroenteritis in children?

A

Types 40 & 41

51
Q

How are adenoviruses transmitted?

A

Respiratory route

52
Q

To which receptor do adenoviruses bind?

A

Coxsackievirus Adenovirus Receptor (CAR), which is a cell-adhesion molecule, and integrins

53
Q

Why is it that poxviruses remain in the cytoplasm and do not enter the nucleus?

A

Poxviruses encode their own DNA-dependent DNA polymerase and DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. This means they do not need to use host machinery in the nucleus.

54
Q

What cells are targeted for infection by parvoviruses? How do they enter the cell?

A

RBC precursors (erythroblasts) - entry by binding the erythrocyte P antigen

55
Q

What is coded for by HBV gene C?

A

Core protein (HBcAg) & secreted protein (HBeAg)

56
Q

What is the only known human parvovirus?

A

Parvovirus B19

57
Q

What are the characteristics of parvoviruses?

A

Naked, icosahedral ssDNA virus

58
Q

What are the characteristics of Hepadnaviruses?

A

Enveloped, partially dsDNA virus. Dane particle is infectious

59
Q

What Herpesviruses are generally asymptomatic during the primary infection?

A

CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7, EBV, KSHV

60
Q

What is coded for by HBV gene S?

A

A surface glycoprotein (HBsAg). This glycoprotein is the target of antibodies for immunity

61
Q

How is parvovirus B19 transmitted?

A

Respiratory route

62
Q

How are HHV-6 & HHV-7 transmitted?

A

Saliva

63
Q

What symptoms are associated with molluscom contagiosum infection?

A

White, pink, or flesh-colored dome-shaped papules with a central depression

64
Q

How is HPV diagnosed, treated, and prevented?

A

Diagnosis with Papanicolaou (Pap) smears and PCR.

Treatment of symptoms (wart removal).

Nine-valent vaccine - yeast cells expressing a capsid protein

65
Q

What viruses belong to the Gamma Herpesviruses Family?

A

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV)

66
Q

What is the shape of all DNA viruses?

A

Icosahedral

67
Q

What virus is the leading cause of viral pharyngitis?

A

Adenoviruses

68
Q

Presence of what antibody indicates immunity to HBV?

A

Anti-HBsAg

69
Q

How is HBV released from cells?

A

After replication, HBV buds into the ER or pre-golgi and picks up an envelope with HBsAg. Progeny are then released via exocytosis. HBeAg is secreted by infected cells and not incorporated into the viral genome.

70
Q

What cells do adenoviruses infect?

A

Mucosal epithelial cells in the upper respiratory & GI tracts

71
Q

How are Polyomavirisues diagnosed, treated, and prevented?

A

Diagnosis with urine tests, PCR, biopsy, MRI, or CT. No treatment or vaccine.

72
Q

Genital herpes is most commonly associated with what virus?

A

HSV-2

73
Q

How is Cytomegalovirus transmitted?

A

Bodily fluids, sexual transmission, blood transfusion, organ transplant, breast milk

74
Q

How does HSV enter latency?

A

The virus travels up the axon to the ganglion. Latency-associated genes are expressed. Stress or another factor may trigger viral replication in the neuron. New viral particles travel down the axon to the site of the primary infection and infect epithelial cells.

75
Q

True/False. All DNA viruses encode their own DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.

A

False. Most DNA viruses encode a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase, with the exception of Parvoviruses.

76
Q

A patient presents with acute EPV infection. What is the expected serology?

A

VCA antibody, but no EBNA antibodies. If the infection persists, VCA IgG & EBNA antibodies can be expected.

77
Q

What is the most common cause of congenital viral disease?

A

Cytomegalovirus

78
Q

How are HSV & VZV diagnosed, treated, and prevented?

A

Diagnosis with Tzanck smear, viral culture, PCR, serology.

Treated with antivirals or C-section to prevent neonate exposure.

Attenuated, live AZV vaccine.

79
Q

What are the properties of Polyomavirisues?

A

Naked, icosahedral, dsDNA virus, ubiquitous and asymptomatic in immunocompetent persons

80
Q

Where do Herpesviruses alpha viruses remain latent?

A

Neurons

81
Q

How is monkeypox transmitted?

A

Contact with fluid from lesions, skin-skin contact, fomites

82
Q

Where does varicella virus go latent?

A

Dorsal root ganglion of the neuron. Reactivation causes shingles.

I&I - M1T1 (36 decks)

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