Hematopoiesis & Leukopoiesis Flashcards
In order for an HSC to become a mature RBC, what cytokines must be expressed? (Be sure to name all cytokines)
SCF, IL-3 and Erythropoietin (EPO)
How do macrophages and dendritic cells differ based on function?
The primary function of macrophages is phagocytosis while dendritic cells function in antigen presentation and cytokine secretion.
A complete blood count ordered by a physician for a patient in the ER indicated high levels of neutrophils and band cells. What type of infection does the patient likely have?
Bacterial infection
Name all cytokines that must be expressed for the production of a neutrophil.
SCF, IL-3 → GMCSF → GCSF
RBCs and WBCs are derived from what progenitor cells?
Myeloid progenitor cells
What cytokines are necessary for an HSC cell to differentiate into a myeloid progenitor?
Stem cell factor (STF) & IL-3
Where does hematopoiesis take place?
Bone marrow (varies prenatal)
In what ways are basophils and mast cells alike?
Mast cells contain histamine in their granules and play a role in allergic response, similar to basophils.
What cytokine must be expressed following GCSF to produce an eosinophil?
IL-5
Expression of this cytokine results in monocyte production. What cytokine produces granulocytes?
Monocyte colony-stimulating factor (MCSF)
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF)
What are immature platelets called?
Megakaryocyte
This granulocyte plays a role in both parasitic worm infection and allergies.
Eosinophils
What is a band cell?
An immature neutrophil that has some phagocytosis ability
Hematopoiesis & leukopoiesis start from a single multipotent cell. What is that cell?
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
Hematopoietic stem cells divide and daughter cells commit to a particular pathway. What are the cells of these pathways?
Myeloid progenitor cells & Lymphoid progenitor cells
Natural killer cells are produced from lymphoid progenitor cells. Name all cytokines that must be secreted for differentiation into a NK cell.
IL-7 & IL-15
What granulocyte is naturally (as in without infection) most present in the blood?
Neutrophils
What cytokine stimulates differentiation into T cells?
IL-2
Hematopoiesis is a continuous process that happens as cells naturally die. What other factors impact hematopoiesis?
- Infections
- Vitamin or mineral deficiencies
- Medications
- Inherited conditions
- Blood cancers
What is a reticulocyte?
The final immature RBC before a mature RBC. The reticulocyte is larger than a mature RBC due to ribosomes, mitochondria, and mRNA used to synthesize remaining hemoglobin.
True/False. Both B & T lymphocytes are generated in the bone marrow and are released as mature cells.
False. Both B & T cells are generated in the bone marrow, however, only B cells leave as mature cells. T cells mature in the thymus.
In order for an HSC to differentiate into a granulocyte monocyte progenitor, what cytokine must be released?
Granulocyte monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF)
What CDs are expressed on the surface of B cells?
CD19, CD20, CD21
Lymphoid progenitor cells produce what cells?
B & T lymphocytes and natural killer cells
Where do monocytes become macrophages?
In tissues
What are the three granulocytes?
Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils
The presence of CD16 and CD56 on the cell surface is indicative of what cell?
Natural Killer cells
Expression of IL-7 causes HSC to differentiate into what progenitor cell?
Lymphoid progenitor cell
This granulocyte plays a role in allergic inflammation.
Basophil
Expression of IL-4 causes a lymphoid progenitor cell to differentiate into what cell?
B cell
The presence of IL-11 & Thrombopoietin (TPO) will cause a myeloid progenitor cell to differentiate into what cell?
Platelet
What morphologically distinguishes a monocyte from a lymphocyte?
Monocytes have an invagination in the nucleus, giving it a bean-shaped appearance.
Both Helper and Cytotoxic T cells have CD3 on their surface. How can these cells still be differentiated?
Helper T cells also display CD4
Cytotoxic T cells also display CD8
What cytokines are produced by regulatory T cells?
IL-10, TGF-B
What CDs are associated with B cells?
CD19, CD20, CD21
What cytokines are associated with NK cells?
CD16, CD56
