Intro to Acute Inflammation

Question 1

What are features of acute innate?

Answer 1

Reaction of blood vessels, accumulation of fluid and leukocytes, repair (scarring and regeneration), and rid body of injury.

Question 2

Where does acute inflammation occur?

Answer 2

Vascularized connective tissue

Question 3

What are steps of splinter?

Answer 3

Question 4

Which immune cells recruit other cells to infection?

Answer 4

Macrophages, Dendritic cells, and mast cells

Question 5

Acute vs Chronic Inflammation

Answer 5

Acute: short term, hours to days, caused by exudation of fluid and proteins, and emigration of leukocytes
Chronic: long term, weeks or longer, caused by presence of lymphocytes, proliferation of blood vessels, and tissue necrosis

Question 6

What are 3 components of immediate acute inflammation?

Answer 6

Alternations in vasculature which leads to increased blood flow, permitting plasma proteins to enter, and emigration of leukocytes from circulation to injury.

Question 7

transduate vs Exudate

Answer 7

Transudate = fluid with low protein, ultra filtrate of blood and creates hydrostatic imbalance.
exudate = inflammatory of extravascular fluid with lots of protein

Question 8

How do Leukocytes respond to pro-inflammatories?

Answer 8

Question 9

What are endothelial adhesions and their cytokines?

Answer 9

Question 10

What are some outcomes of leukocyte activation?

Answer 10

Cytoskeletal change and signal transduction which leads to expression integrins and chemotaxis, production of mediators which leads to inflammation amplification, and ROSs and more macrophages which leads to more killing.

Question 11

How do phagocytes destroy?

Answer 11

They engulf and have phagolysosomes that kill or they kill by the ROS and NO species

Question 12

What are secreted granule mediators?

Answer 12

Histamine, serotonin, and lysosomal enzymes; which come from mast cells, platelets, and neutrophils

Question 13

Which mediators are newly made?

Answer 13

prostaglandins, leukotrienes, NO, cytokines, platelet factors

Question 14

What mediators are from the liver?

Answer 14

Complements, Factor XII (bradykinin and coagulation)

Question 15

What are Metabolites of Arachidonic Acid?

Answer 15

Question 16

What is iNOS vs eNOS?

Answer 16

both synthesize nitric oxide. eNOS is on endothelium, and it reduces inflammation. iNOS is in the macrophage and produces enhanced microbial response. This leads to release of platelets, reduced leukocyte adhesion, and vasodilation.

Question 17

What does Il-1 and tumor necrosis factor do?

Answer 17

TNF and IL-1 cause vascular endothelium to express selectins/integrins, produce more Il-1, and decrease anticoagulation (leads to inflammation. In leukocytes, TNF and IL-1 cause activation and cytokine production (inflammation). In fibroblasts increases proliferation and cytokines which increases proliferation and collagen (repair). Systemic effects = fever, decreased appetite, and increased sleep.

Question 18

Where in body does TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 act?

Answer 18

TNF: endothelial (inflammation/perm), leukocytes (chemokines), brain (fever), bone (leukocyte production), heart (low output), Muscle(insulin resist). IL-6 brain, liver (acute proteins), bone. IL-1 = endothelial, leukocyte activation, brain, liver, bone, muscle