Antiparasitic Drugs Flashcards
What are the four types of drugs to prevent malaria?
inhibitors of parasitic ETC, inhibitors of translation, inhibitors of heme metabolism, and inhibitors of folate metabolism
What are the malaria ETC inhibitors?
Atovaquone, primaquine, and tafenoquine
What are the malaria heme inhibitors?
Chloroquine, quinine, quinidine, mefloquine, artemisinins which all lead to build up of toxic heme metabolites which are lethal for parasite
What are malaria inhibitors of translation?
tetracycline, doxycycline, and clindamycin all bind to 30 or 50S to prevent parasite protein synthesis
Who can be negatively affected by malaria drugs?
People with G6PD deficiency
How does plasmodium use hemoglobin as food source?
it detoxifies heme part to hemozoin which is what chloroquine inhibits
What are forms of malaria chemoprophylaxis
chloroquine + primaquine = vivax + ovale
mefloquine, doxycycline, atovaquone+proguanil = p. falciparum
Which drugs are active against dormant forms of plasmodium malaria? What are those dormant forms called?
Primaquine and tafenoquine are active against dormant hypnozoites in the liver and prevent relapse.
How’s malaria treated?
Chloroquine resistant Plasmodium = artemisinin, mefloquine, quinine + doxy or clindamycin, or atovaquone + proguanil
Chloroquine sensitive p falciparum = chloroquine
P. vivax and ovale = chloroquine + primaquine or tefenoquine
How do you treat Giardia lamblia?
metronidazole, nitrazoxanide, tinidazole
Which parasites can be treated with Metronidazole?
Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, trichomonas vaginalis
What do you treat toxoplasma gondii with?
Remember that this can cross placenta! So for the fetus, treat with pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine (folate metabolism inhibitors) with leucovorin which prevents toxicity of folate inhibitors.
Adults get spiromycin - macrolide
What are symptoms of schistosoma mansoni (trematode) and what do you treat it with?
RUQ pain, hepatosplenomegaly, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, which you treat with Praziquantel
What is mechanism of action for praziquantel?
used for tapeworm and trematode infections and acts by increasing parasite membrane permeability to calcium causing paralysis.
What do you treat Ascaris, Ancyclostoma, and Trichuris with?
Albendazole, Mebendazole, and Thiabendazole
What’s mechanism of action of Albendazole, Mebendazole, and Thiabendazole?
they interfere with tubulin polymerization, which prevents microtubules in glucose uptake and cell replication. Use on nematodes cysticercosis, and echinococcosis
This drug works on round worms and hook worms?
Pyrantel Pamoate
This drug is an acetylcholine agonist and blocks depolarization causing nematode muscle rigidity?
Pyrantel Pamoate
Which organisms cause lymphatic filariasis?
Wuchueria bancrofti and Brugia malayi
Which organisms cause subcutaneous filariasis?
Onocerca volvulus and Loa loa
What do you treat filariasis infections with?
Ivermectin and Diethylcarbamazine
What is the mechanism of action of Ivermectin?
Binds to high affinity to glutamate gated Cl channels of Onocerca causing increase in the permeability of cell membrane to Cl. Hyperpolarization results in paralysis and death of parasite. Kills slowly so no inflammation
What is mechanism of action Diethylcarbamazine?
Treats Loiasis. Unlike ivermectin this drug kills adult worms. Also killd microfilariae causing inflammation. Rapid killing can lead to blindness.
How do you treat pediculus humanus corporis, pediculus humanus corporis, and Pthirus pubis?
You treat with OTC insecticides: Pyrehtrins + piperonyl butoxid
