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I&I - M1T1 > Mycology > Flashcards

Mycology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Blastoconidia?

A

Budding yeast cell

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2
Q

Asexual spores produced with a spherule are called…

A

Endospores

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3
Q

Endemic mycoses are dimorphic and spread by inhalation of spores. What form of fungi is transmissible? Is person-to-person transmission possible?

A

Mold is the infectious form and found in soil. Yeast is present in tissues during infection, but is non-infectious so person-to-person spread is not possible.

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4
Q

Hyphae with cross walls are said to be…

A

Septated

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5
Q

What disease is caused by Madurella mycetomatis or Pseudallescheria boydii? How does the disease present?

A

Mycetoma - starts as a small, firm, painless nodule. Spreads to fascia and bone causing subcutaneous abscesses

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6
Q

Conidia and sporangiospores are asexual fungal spores. What is the difference between the two?

A

Conidia extend openly from conidiophores. Sporangiospores extend from a sporangium and are enclosed in a sac-like structure.

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7
Q

Describe the life cycle of Pneumocystis.

A

Intracystics bodies within cysts rupture and release trophs. Trophs divide by fission or fuse (sexual reproduction) to form new cysts.

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8
Q

These terms describe structures that contain 1 or more conidia.

A

Microconidia (small) & macroconidia (large)

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9
Q

A fungus is cultured and grown at room temperature. What form of fungi will predominate? What will happen if the temperature of the culture is raised to 37oC?

A

At room temperature, the mold form of growth predominates. At 37oC, the yeast form of mold predominates and fungi will resemble bacterial colonies.

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10
Q

What types of infections may be caused by Aspergillus spp.?

A

Allergic reactions, colonization of body cavities, infections of wounds and catheters, invasion of respiratory system

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11
Q

What is the clinical appearance of Pneumocystis pneumonia?

A

Fever, dyspnea, dry and nonproductive cough, hypoxemia, foamy and eosinophilic exudate. AIDS-defining illness

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12
Q

Another term for fungal spores is…

A

Conidia

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13
Q

This form of fungi is filamentous

A

Mold

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14
Q

What is white piedra? What fungus is the cause of disease?

A

Soft nodules along the hair shaft caused by Trichosporon ovoides

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15
Q

Sabouraud’s agar haw a low pH to inhibit bacterial growth. When is this agar primarily used?

A

For culturing of dermatophytes (fungi that infect keratinized tissue)

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16
Q

Sporothrix schenckii is common in the USA. What are the characteristics of the fungus? What populations are generally infected? How does disease appear clinically?

A

Dimorphic found in soil and plants, commonly infecting gardeners, florists, farmers, etc.

Disease is called Sporotrichosis appearing as a painless papule at the site of inoculation and slowly enlarges to an open sore. The fungus may spread via lymphatics.

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of Cryptococcus?

A

Non-dimorphic, encapsulated yeast found in soil contaminated by pigeon droppings. Transmission via aerosols.

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of Aspergillus spp.?

A

Septated hyphae with chains of conidia on a conidiophore. Mold in soil and plants, transmission via spores

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19
Q

How can dermatophytes be differentiated based on appearance?

A

Microsporum spp. - contain macroconidia

Trichophyton spp. - microconidia & macroconidia

Epidermophyton floccosum - microconidia

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20
Q

What agar is used as a differential media for Canida spp.?

A

CHROMager

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21
Q

Acidotic diabetic patients are more susceptible to what infection by what systemic fungus?

A

Rhinocerebal disease - Mucormycetes genera

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22
Q

What fungus is responsible for causing Tinea nigra (brown to black lesions on hands and feet)? How is the fungus spread? How does it appear in culture?

A

Hortaea werneckii spread by soil, compost, and wood. Appears with brown septated hyphae and 2-celled yeast cells

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23
Q

What stain is used to identify conidia and hyphae by fungi grown in culture?

A

Lactophenol Cotton Blue

24
Q

Blood agar may be used for fungi growth. What precautions must be taken to prevent cross-contamination?

A

The agar must include antibiotics to prevent bacterial growth.

25
Q

What are the characteristics of endemic Histoplasma capsulatum?

A

Spread by soil containing bird or bat guano. Intracellular yeast that proliferates in macrophages and lacks a capsule. Found in the Ohio & Mississippi Valleys.

26
Q

These spores are formed by the fragmentation of hyphae

A

Arthroconidia

27
Q

What disease caused by Candida is considered an AIDS-defining illness?

A

Esophageal candidiasis

28
Q

What are Hyphae?

A

Filamentous or tubular structures of mold

29
Q

What are Dematiaceous fungi?

A

Fungi that is black or brown pigmented

30
Q

What is a mass of intertwined hyphae?

A

Mycelium

31
Q

What disease is caused by Cryptococcus?

A

Cryptococcosis - dissemination through CNS causing headache, fever, stiff neck and disorientation. AIDS-defining illness

32
Q

What are the general characteristics of Candida spp.?

A

Dimorphic, budding yeast cells with pseudohyphae. Normal flora in the mouth, GI tract, and female genital tract.

33
Q

What is chromomycosis? What fungi cause the disease?

A

Slow-growing (years), scaly, wart-like structure on the foot or leg caused by Phialophora & Cladosporium fungi

34
Q

How are dermatophytes spread? Where do they infect?

A

Spread by soil, animals, and people

Infect the keratinized layer of hair, skin, and nails

35
Q

What methods may be used for clinical observation of fungi and/or their structures?

A

Preparation with KOH, Calcofluor white fluorescent stain, Gormori’s methenamine silver, gram stain

36
Q

This endemic fungus is difficult to isolate, proliferates in tropic regions, and appears as a “pilot’s wheel” with a parent cell surrounded by daughter cells.

A

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

37
Q

This systemic mycotic fungus is common on bread and spoiled foods.

A

Mucorcycetes genera

38
Q

What are the characteristics of Malassezia furfur complex? What is the clinical manifestation of the fungi?

A

Normal flora of skin in oily areas, dimorphic, lipophilic, opportunistic.

Cause of Tinea (pityriasis) versicolor (pigment change), seborrheic dermatitis, and dandruff (cradle cap)

39
Q

What diseases are associated with Mucormycetes genera infection?

A

Rhinocerebral disease & pulmonary disease

40
Q

These types of infections are caused by fungi with a black or brown pigment.

A

Phaeohyphomycosis infections caused by Dematiaceous fungi.

41
Q

What clinical diseases are associated with Candida spp.?

A

Oral thrush, vulvovaginitis, cutaneous candidiasis, esophageal candidiasis, disseminated candidiasis

42
Q

What is Pseudohyphae?

A

Hyphae-like structure formed by the incomplete budding of a daughter yeast cell from a parent cell

43
Q

What types of pathogenic infections do fungi generally cause?

A

Opportunistic & noscomial infections

44
Q

What is the common cause of Athlete’s Foot?

A

Trichophyton spp.

45
Q

What term describes the oval-shaped, single-celled form of fungi?

A

Yeast

46
Q

What are the characteristics of endemic Coccidioides?

A

Found in semiarid climates and SW USA. Transmission by inhalation of arthroconidia. In the tissue, the fungus is in a spherule containing endospores. Cause of Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever)

47
Q

What are the four types of mycoses? Where do they cause infection?

A

Superficial mycoses - outermost layer or skin & hair

Cutaneous mycoses - keratinized layer of skin, hair, & nails

48
Q

What are the four types of mycoses? Where do they cause infection?

A

Superficial mycoses - outermost layer or skin & hair

Cutaneous mycoses - keratinized layer of skin, hair, & nails

Subcutaneous mycoses - under skin by a puncture wound

Systemic mycoses - usually my opportunistic pathogens or endemic mycoses

49
Q

What are the characteristics of the Mucormycetes genera?

A

Broad, non-septated hyphae. Ubiquitous mold. Colonize respiratory tract

50
Q

What is the common name for tinea?

A

Ringworm

51
Q

How does the fungal eukaryotic cell differ from a mammalian eukaryotic cell?

A

Fungal cells have a cell wall made of chitin, mannans, beta-glycans, and other carbohydrates. The cell membrane contains ergosterol rather than cholesterol found in mammalian cells.

52
Q

What disease is caused by Piedraia hortae?

A

Black piedra - gritty nodules along with hair shaft

53
Q

Fungi that grow as both mold and yeast are said to be…

A

Dimorphic fungi

54
Q

What are the common dermatophytes?

A

Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp., Epidermophyton floccosum

55
Q

What are the characteristics of endemic Blastomyces dermatitidis?

A

Grows in damp soils. Extracellular yeast with a thick wall and broad-based budding. May be transmitted via skin.

I&I - M1T1 (36 decks)

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