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Gram Negative Bacteria Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the general characteristics of all Vibrio spp.?

A

Curved rods, facultative anaerobes, obligate halophiles, oxidase positive, flagella

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2
Q

Bordet-Gengou or Regan-Lowe media are required for growth of what G- bacteria?

A

Bordetella pertusis

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3
Q

What clinical diseases may result from N. gonorrhoeae infection?

A

Gonorrhea, pelvic inflammatory disease, purulent arthritis, pustular rash, ophthalmia neonatorum (purulent eye infection in neonates)

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4
Q

What Enterobacteriaceae genera ferment lactose?

A

Escherichia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter

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5
Q

What are the G- cocci genera?

A

Neisseria spp.

Moraxella spp.

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6
Q

What diseases are associated with Acinetobacter baumannii?

A

Respiratory tract infections, UTIs, wound infections, septicemia, nosocomial infections

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7
Q

A patient is infected with a G- diplococci bacteria. The bacteria is catalase positive, oxidizes only glucose, and is grown on Thayer Martin media. What bacteria is infecting the patient?

A

N. gonorrhoeae

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8
Q

What G- bacteria are especially important pathogens in patients with cystic fibrosis?

A

Pseudomonas aerugionas & Burkholderia cepacia complex

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9
Q

Pertusis is associated with what G- bacteria?

A

Bordetella pertusis

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10
Q

What clinical dieases are associated with Camplyobacter?

A

Gastroenteritis (C. jejuni & C. coli only)

Guillain-Barre syndrome (nerve tingling)

Reactive arthritis (immune-mediated)

Sepsis, meningoencephalitis (C. fetus only)

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of pseudomonads?

A

Nonfermenting, obligate aerobe, oxidase positive, catalase positive, beta hemolytic

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12
Q

Chancroid (STI that produces painful ulcers and lymphadenopathy in the genital region) is associated with what G- coccobacilli?

A

H. ducreyi

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13
Q

What virulence factors are associated with V. cholera?

A

Cholera toxin, toxin co-regulated pilus, neuraminidase, cholera enterotoxin, zona occuldens toxin

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14
Q

How does Salmonella infect the body?

A

The bacteria invades M cells and entrocytes in the small intestine. They replicate and may be transported through cells and released into the blood of lymphatic circulation.

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15
Q

What are the medically relevant Neisseria spp. bacteria?

A

N. gonorrhoeae

N. meningitidis

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16
Q

K antigens define what bacterial antigens?

A

Capsular antigens

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17
Q

What G- bacilli is highly virulent and responsible for the plague?

A

Y. pestis

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18
Q

What is the common transmission route for Helicobacter pylori?

A

Fecal/oral

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19
Q

G-, bacilli, lactose non-fermenter, H2S producing, urease positive, and swarming motility are all characteristics of what bacteria?

A

Proteus mirabilis

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20
Q

Entertoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) is the leading cause of what clinical disease?

A

Travler’s diarrhea

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21
Q

Hektoen agar is a selective and differenital media used to distinguish between which two G- bacteria genera?

A

Shigella (does not produce H2S) & Salmonella (H2S producing)

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22
Q

What virulence factors are associated with V. vulnificus?

A

Capsule, cytolysins, proteases, collagenase

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23
Q

What clinical diseases are caused by N. meningitidis?

A

Meningitis & meningococcemia

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24
Q

What viruelnce factors are associtaed with E. coli?

A

Adhesins, heat-labile toxin (increases cAMP), heat-stable toxin (increases cAMP), shiga toxin

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25
The flagellar antigens are associated with which antigen classification?
H antigens
26
What clinical diseases are associated with Shigella infection?
Watery diarrhea, dysentery Localized infections only. High level of leukocytes in stool
27
Escherichae, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia belong to what bacterial family?
Enterobacteriaciae
28
What G- bacteria typically result in nosocomial infections and are most common in patients on broad or longterm antibiotic use?
Acinetobacter baumanni & Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
29
What are the relevant Vibrio species?
V. cholera, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus
30
What are the G- rod genera?
* Escherichiae spp. * Klebsiella spp. * Proteus spp. * Salmonella spp. * Shigella spp. * Yersinia spp. * Pseudomonas spp. * Burkholderia spp. * Acinetobacter spp. * Stenotrophomonas spp.
31
H. aegyptius is assiocated with what clinical diseases?
Purulent conjunctivitis (children)
32
Hemorrhagic colitis (bloody diarrhea) is caused by which type of E. coli?
Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC)
33
Who is at greatest risk for Stenotropomonas maltopholia infecion?
Patients on longterm antibiotics
34
What are the characteristics of Acinetobacter baumannii?
Coccobacillus, oxidase negative
35
What are the morphological and biochemical characteristics of Moraxella catarrhalis?
Diplococcus, aerobe, oxidase positive, beta lactamases (part of normal flora in nasopharnyx)
36
This sexually transmitted disease results in painless ulcers and inguinal lymphadenopathy. What bacteria causes this disease?
K. granulomatis
37
What are the general characteristics of all Campylobacter spp.?
Thin, comma-shaped rods, motile, oxidase positive, catalase positive, microaerophilic, capnophilic, LOS membrane, capsule, optimal growth slightly above body temperature
38
UTIs with cystitis or pyelonephritis are associated with infection by what bacteria?
Proteus mirabilis
39
What are the G- curved rod genera?
Campylobacter spp. Helicobacter spp. Vibrio spp.
40
Thermostable direct hemolysin that induces Cl- secretion and movement of H2O out of the cell is associated with which Vibrio spp.?
V. parahemolyticus
41
How does P. aeruginosa display antibiotic resistance?
Intrinsic - slow rate of antibiotic movement into cells Acquired resistance - via conjugation or mutation Adapative resistance - expression of resistance genes turned on in response to stimuli
42
What viruelnce factors are associated with Yersinia spp.?
Type III secretion system Y. pestis - capsule, plasminogen activator protein (degrades complement and fibrin), siderophores
43
What agar is always used to culture N. gonorrheae and often N. meningitidis?
Thayer Martin - Selective chocolate agar with antibiotics
44
What clinical diseases are associated with M. catarrhalis infection?
Sinusitis & otitis media (children) Brronchitis & bronchopneumonia (elderly parients with chronic pulmonary disease)
45
What virulence factors are associated with C. jejuni?
Capsule, adhesins, cytotoxic enzyme, eneterotoxin
46
What are the medically relevant Haemophilus bacteria?
H. influenzae H. ducreyi H. aegypitus
47
What are the medically relevant Camplyobacter spp.?
C. jejuni C. coli C. fetus
48
What populations are at greatest risk for N. meningitidis infection?
Individuals with complement deficiencies, college students
49
What are the characteristics of Haemophilus spp.?
Coccobacilli, faculative anaerobes, IgA proteases, capsules (only some)
50
What clinical diseases are associated with H. influenzae infection?
Otitis media & sinusitis (children) Bronchopneiumonia (elderly with COPD and smokers) Meningitis & epiglottitis (rare)
51
What are the medically significant Yersinia spp.?
Y. pestis, Y. enterocolitica, Y. pseudotuberculosis
52
What agar is needed to grow Vibrio spp.?
Thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose (TCBS)
53
What clinical diseases are associated with Y. enterocolitica & Y. pesudotuberculosis infection?
Enterocolitis (parimarily children), septicemia, arthritis, intrabdominal abscesses, hepatitis, osteomyelitis
54
Rats, prairie dogs, livestock, rodents, wild animals, etc. are reservoirs for Yersinia spp. The bacteria is an example of what type of organim?
Zoonotic organism
55
What is the most virulent type of H. influenzae?
H. influenzae type B
56
What virulence factors are shared by the Enterbacteriaceae family?
LPS membrane, capsules, phase variation of antigens, adhesins, exotoxins, Type III secretion systems (delivers virulence factors into host cell), siderophores, serum resistane (inhibit complement-mediated killing), antimicrobial resistance
57
What types of E. coli are most commonly seen in developing countries?
Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), Eneterpathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Eneteroaggregative E. coli (EAggEC)
58
Watery diarrhea is associated with infection by which Vibrio spp.?
V. cholera or V. parahaemolyticus V. cholera infection may include mucus within the watery diarrhea ("rice water stool")
59
What are the three types of plagues and their associated symptoms?
Bubonic plague - fever, bacteremia, bubos (swelling of lymph nodes) Septicemic plague - fever, shock, black skin Pueumonic plague - fever, malaise, pulmonary symptoms
60
What type of agar is required for Haemophilis spp. growth?
Chocolate agar
61
What virulence factors are associated with Shigella?
Type III secretion system, Shiga toxin, enterotoxins, intracellular movement via actin rearrangement, low infectionous dose
62
C. fetus is a uncommon and opportunistic . Who is most at risk for infection?
Immunocomprimised and elderly
63
Gastritis, peptic or dueodenal ulcers, gastric adenocarcinoma, and MALT lymphoma are all associated with infection by what G- bacteria?
H. pylori Ulcers are most common. Gastric adenocarcinoma is less common.
64
What differentiates pathogenic and nonpathogenic species of Haemophilus? Where are non-pathogenic species found?
Nonpathogenic species are non-encapsulated and are normal flora of the upper respiratory tract
65
What are the medically significant Klebsiella spp.?
K. pneumoniae, K. granulomatis
66
What is the difference between chocolate agar and blood agar?
Chocolate agar contains lysed RBCs for those bacteria that lack hemolysin ability.
67
What virulence factors are associated with Bordatella pertusis?
Adhesions for attachment to cilia, trachela cytotoxin, dermonecrotic toxin, adenylate cyclase toxin, pertussis toxin
68
What are the virulence factors of C. fetus?
Heat-stable, capsule-like protein, inhibits complement binding and complement-mediated killing
69
What are the general characteristics of Klebsiella spp.?
Non-motile, lactose fementing, capsule, mucoid colonies, antibiotic resistance
70
What diseases are associated with K. pneumoniae infection?
UTI, bacteremia, pneumonia (typically in compromised hosts)
71
What agar is needed for Camplybacter growth?
CAMPY agar
72
What are the morpholocial and biochemical characteristics of Helicobacter pylori?
Sprial rod, motile, urease positive, catalase poisitive, oxidase positive, microaerophilic, LPS membrane
73
What characteristics are associagted with Shigella spp.?
Non-motile, non-lactose fermenting, does not produce H2S
74
What virulence factors are associated with P. aeruginosa?
Capsule, antibiotic resistance, adhesins, exotoxin A, pigaments, elastases, phospholipase C, exyenzymes S & T
75
What are the four medically signifcant Shigella species?
S. sonnei S. flexneri S. boydii S. dysenteriae
76
What clinical diserases are associated with E. coli infection?
UTI, gastroenteritis, sepsis & septic shock, neonatal meningitis
77
What cliincal diseases are associated with P. aeruginosa?
Pulmonary infections, infection of burns, hot tub folliculitis, UTIs, external otitis, eye infections after trauma, bacteremia, endocarditis
78
What characteristics are shared by all genera in the Enterobacteriaceae family?
Glucose fermenting, oxidase negative, catalase positive, resistant to bile salts, normal intestinal flora in humans and animals
79
This is a collection of closely related bacterial species grouped together that often colonize the respiratory tract of patients with cystic fibrious.
Burkholderia cepacia complex
80
What are the virulence factors of Neisseria spp.?
* Pili for attachment * Porins to prevent phagolysosomal fusion * Opacity proteins for attachment (N. gonorrhoeae only) * Iron acquiring proteins * Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) membrane * IgA protease * Beta lactamase (N. gonorrhoeae only) * Capsule (N. meningitidis only)
81
What diseases are associated with S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis infection?
Gastroenteritis caused by food borne outbreaks
82
What does the O antigen represent?
O side chain on LPS
83
What are the G- cocobacilli genera?
Haemophilus spp. Bordatella spp.
84
What are the morphological and biochemical characteristics of Neisseria spp.?
Diplococci, aerobic non-fermenters, oxidase positive, catalase positive N. gonorrheae - oxidizes glucose only N. meningitidis - oxidizes flucose and maltose
85
What virulence factors are associated with H. pylori?
Flagella, urease, adhesins, vacuolating cytotoxin (induces apoptosis), cytotoxin-associated gene (CagA)
86
What are the general characteristics of Salmonella?
Non-lactose fermenting, motile, produces H2S
87
What diseases are associated with S. Typhy and S. Paratyphi infection?
Enteric fever through fecal/oral transmission
88
What are the characteristics of Bordatella pertusis?
Coccobacillus, strict aerobe, nonmoitle, capsule, human disease
89
This Vibrio species commonly causes wound infections that may progress to septicemia.
V. vulnificus
90
What are the characteristics of Yersinia spp.?
Lactose non-fermenting, can grow at cold temperatures, zoonotic organism
91
What are the medically releveant Salmonella species?
S. Typi, S. Paratypi, S. Typhimurium, S. Enterititdis

I&I - M1T1 (36 decks)

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