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Head and neck AM > Rhinology > Flashcards

Rhinology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the possible nasal symptoms?

A 
Nasal obstruction
Nasal discharge
Epistaxis
Facial pain
Nasal pain
Anosmia
Sneezing
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2
Q

What history should be taken for nasal obstruction?

A

Degree of obstruction

Intermittent vs continuous

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3
Q

What history should be taken for nasal discharge?

A

Colour, thickness

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4
Q

What history should be taken for facial pain?

A

Degree

Associated symptoms

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5
Q

What are the causes of anosmia?

A

Obstruction

Nerve problems

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6
Q

What past medical history should be checked with nasal symptoms?

A 
Medical treatment
Nasal surgery
Nasal trau,a
Asthma
Aspirin sensitivity
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7
Q

What social history should be checked for nasal symptoms?

A

Alcohol
Smoking
Cocaine abuse

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8
Q

What does cocaine abuse cause?

A

Chronic irritation of nose

Can cause erosion and perforation of nasal septum

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9
Q

What nasal examinations can be done?

A

Rhinoscope
Otoscope
Nasal endoscope

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10
Q

What does the nasal endoscope allow you to look at?

A

3 turbinates

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11
Q

What investigations can be done for the nose?

A 
Bloods
CT
MRI
Skin tests
Rhinometry
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12
Q

What bloods can be done for nasal symptoms?

A 
FBC
ANCA
ESR
ACE
RAST
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13
Q

When is a CT used for the nose?

A

Pre op

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14
Q

What are the complications of nasal trauma?

A

Eustachian tube obstruction, loss of sense of smell
Haematoma- can cause necrosis
Predisposition to sinusitis

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15
Q

How is a nasal haematoma treated?

A

Drained

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16
Q

What are the causes of epistaxis?

A 
Idiopathic
Infection
Trauma
Allergy
Hypertension and atherosclerosis
Hereditary haemorrhage telangiectasia
Blood dycrasias 
Atropic rhinitis
Tumour
Congenital or acquired defect
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17
Q

What is the initial management of epistaxis?

A

ABCs
Vital signs
Nasal packing if nothing else is working

18
Q

What history and examinations should be done with epistaxis?

A

Medical history and medication
Anterior and/or endoscopic rhinoscopy
Vital signs

19
Q

Wat surgical treatment can be done for epistaxis?

A

Ligation

Embolisation

20
Q

What is classed as acute rhinosinusitis?

A

Symptoms resolve completely in less than 12 weeks

21
Q

What is classed as recurrent acute rhinosinusitis?

A

1-4 episodes of acute rhino sinusitis per year

Symptom free episodes of >8 weeks between episodes

22
Q

What is classed as chronic rhinosinusitis?

A

> 12 weeks
Persistent inflammatory changes
Acute exacerbations

23
Q

How is chronic rhino sinusitis diagnosed?

A

xray or CT

24
Q

What are the symptoms of rhinosinusitis?

A 
Facial pain and pressure
Hyposmia/anosmia
Nasal congestion/obstruction
Purulent postnasal drain
Olfactory disturbance
Cough
Headache
fever
Fatigue
Halistosis
Dental pain
25
Q

How is sinusitis treated?

A

Antibiotics- B lactase or macrolides

26
Q

What are the complications of sinusitis?

A

Invasion of optic nerve

Frontal sinusitis

27
Q

What is the management of optic nerve invasion in sinusitis?

A

CT

IV antibiotics and surgery

28
Q

What is the management of frontal sinusitis?

A

Emergency frontal sinus surgery

29
Q

What are nasal polyps associated with?

A 
Asthma
Allergic rhinitis
Aspirin intolerance
Alcohol intolerance
Cystic fibrosis
AFS
30
Q

What can nasal polyps cause?

A

Airway/sinus blockage

31
Q

How is recurrence of nasal polyps prevented?

A

Resection and lifelong topical steroids

32
Q

What should be done for a unilateral single polyp?

A

Send to histology to rule out malignancy

33
Q

What investigations can be done for nasal polyps?

A 
RAST, skin test
Nasal smear
Coronal CT
MRI
Flexible nasendoscopy
Rigid nasendoscopy
34
Q

What is done in a nasal smear?

A

Mocrobiology
Eosinophils
Neutrophils

35
Q

What is the treatment of nasal polyps?

A

Steroids- nasal or oral
Immunotherapy
Surgery- polypectomy, microdebrider or endoscopic sinus surgery

36
Q

Who do angiofibromas affect?

A

Young males

37
Q

What does angiofibroma causes?

A

Profuse epistaxis

38
Q

What is the treatment of angiofibroma?

A

Preop embolisation and surgical resection

39
Q

How is nasal cancer treated?

A

Radiotherapy, surgery or combined therapy

40
Q

What is chantal stress?

A

Bony/soft tissue growth in the back of the nasal package

Head and neck AM (13 decks)

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