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Head and neck AM > Paediatric ENT > Flashcards

Paediatric ENT Flashcards

1
Q

What are the possible otological symptoms?

A 
Hearing loss
Discharging ear
Ear ache
Tinnitus
Vertigo
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2
Q

What are the forms of paediatric hearing loss?

A

Congenital vs acquired
Uni vs bilateral
Conductive vs sensorineural

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3
Q

What symptoms may be present in a child with hearing loss?

A

Pain
Discharge
Dizziness
Tinnitus

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4
Q

What history must be taken for a child with hearing loss?

A

Symptoms
Speech development, school performance
Behavioural problems
Maternal perinatal infections, drugs, jaundice
Growth, immunisations, passive smoking, breast vs bottle feeding

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5
Q

What subjective tests can be done to test for hearing loss in 6-12 months?

A

Distraction test

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6
Q

What subjective tests can be done for hearing loss in 12 months- 3 years?

A

Visual reinforced audiometry

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7
Q

What subjective tests can be done for hearing loss in 3-5 year olds?

A

Play audiometry

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8
Q

What subjective tests can be done for hearing loss in 4+ year olds?

A

Pure tone audiometry

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9
Q

What objective tests can be done for hearing loss in children?

A

Otoaucostic admissions
Audiometry brain stem response
Tympanometry

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10
Q

What is the most common cause of hearing loss in children?

A

Otitis media with effusion

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11
Q

What are the risk factors for otitis media with effusion?

A

Day care
Smoking
Cleft palate
Down syndrome

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12
Q

How is otitis media with effusion treated?

A

Hearing aids
Grommets
Adenoidectomy
Autoinflation

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13
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of otitis media with effusion?

A 
Hearing loss
Speech delay
Behavioural problems
Academic decline
Imbalance
Dull tympanic membrane
Fluid level and bubbles behind tympanic memrane
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14
Q

What is the cause of otitis media with effusion?

A

Eustachian tube dysfunction
Adenoidal hypertrophy
Resolving AOM

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15
Q

What history should be taken in a child with a painful/discharging ear?

A

Associated symptoms
Duration
Hearing issues

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16
Q

What examination and investigation should be done for a child with a painful/discharging ear?

A

Otoscope

Pure tone audiometry

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17
Q

What are the common causes of a painful/discharging ear in children?

A

Otitis externa
Acute otitis media
Chronic otitis media

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18
Q

What is otitis externa and what does it result in?

A

Inflammation of outer ear

Results in closing of external auditory canal, causing pain and hearing loss

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19
Q

How is otitis externa treated?

A

Cleaning ear

Topical antibiotics

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20
Q

What is a history of acute otitis media?

A

Short history of pain, fever and discharge

21
Q

What are the common causes of acute otitis media?

A

H influenza
Strep pneumonia
Moraxella catarrhalis

22
Q

How is acute otitis media treated?

A

Antibiotics

Grommets and adenoidectomy if recurrent

23
Q

What are the complications of acute otitis media?

A

Mastoidectomy

Brain abscess

24
Q

How is mastoiditis treated?

A

IV antibiotics and possible surgery

25
Q

What is chronic otitis media?

A

Chronic discharging ear or hearing loss despite grommets

26
Q

When do the ethmoid and maxillary sinuses develop?

A

0-4 months

27
Q

When do the sphenoid sinuses develop?

A

3-7 years

28
Q

When do the frontal sinuses develop?

A

8+ years

29
Q

What history should be taken when there is a blocked/runny nose?

A

Pain, discharge, loss of function
Foreign body
Feeding
Snoring, quality of sleep

30
Q

What examinations should be carried out for a blocked/runny nose?

A

Otoscope

Cold spatula test

31
Q

What are the common causes of a blocked/runny nose?

A 
Rhinitis
Large adenoids
Foreign body
Sinusitis and polyps
Choanal atresia
32
Q

What are the symptoms of rhinitis?

A

Runny nose
Lack of sense of smell
Blocked nose
Sneezing

33
Q

What os the treatment for rhinitis?

A

Nasal douching
Antihistamines
Nasal steroids

34
Q

What are the symptoms of large adenoids?

A 
Runny nose
Lack of sense of smell
Blocked nose
Sneezing
Sleep apnoea
35
Q

What are the symptoms of sinusitis and polyps?

A

Runny nose, lack of sense of smell, blocked nose, sneezing

36
Q

What are sinusitis and polyps associated with?

A

Cystic fibrosis

37
Q

What is the complication of sinusitis and polyps?

A

Periorbital cellulitis

38
Q

What should be considered in severe/recurring epistaxis?

A

Coagulopathy

Haematological abnormality

39
Q

How is epistaxis managed?

A

Appropriate first aid
Antibiotic ointments
Cautery
Nasal packing

40
Q

What are the associated symptoms of sore throat?

A

Odynophagia, ear ache
Dysphagia, treating problems, hoarse voice
Snoring/drooling

41
Q

What should be examined for a sore throat?

A

Treat, neck, ears and nose

42
Q

How is tonsillitis treated?

A

Support and antibiotics

43
Q

What are the complications of tonsillitis?

A

Peritonsillar abscess

44
Q

What are the anatomicalmical causes of airway issues in children?

A

Large tongue, tonsils and epiglottis
Short neck
Narrow subglottis

45
Q

What history should be taken in airway issues?

A

Foreign body
Recent illness
Feeding problems
Inspiratory stridor

46
Q

What are the common causes of airway issues?

A

Anatomical
Foreign body
Epiglottis
Laryngomalacia

47
Q

How is a neck abscess treated?

A

Drain

IV antibiotics

48
Q

What are the common causes of neck lumps?

A

Thyroglossal cyst
Branchial cyst
Cystic hygroma
Cervical lymphadenopathy

Head and neck AM (13 decks)

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