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Head and neck AM > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common type of joint in the skull?

A

Suture

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2
Q

What are the 3 parts of the skull?

A

Neurocranium
Visceracranium
Mandible

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3
Q

What is the division between the neuro- and viscera-cranium?

A

Zygomatic bone

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4
Q

What is the basic structure of a skull bone?

A

Compact bone encompassing spongey bone

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5
Q

What are the 3 main sutures of the skull?

A

Sagittal
Coronal
Lambdoid

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6
Q

Where is the sagittal suture?

A

Between the 2 parietal bones

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7
Q

Where is the coronal suture?

A

Between the parietal and temporal bone

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8
Q

Where is the lambdoid suture?

A

Between parietal and occipital bone

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9
Q

What do bones of the facial skeleton give attachment to?

A

Muscles of tongue, mastication and pharynx

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10
Q

What type of bone are the majority of the facial bones?

A

Irregular

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11
Q

What are the main bony prominences of the skull?

A 
Occipital proturbance
Mastoid process
Zygomatic arch
Styloid process
Occipital condyles
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12
Q

What bone is the mastoid process part of?

A

Temporal bone

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13
Q

What is the zygomatic arch formed from?

A

Zygomatic process of temporal bone

Temporal process of zygomatic bone

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14
Q

What is the styloid process a part of?

A

Temporal bone

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15
Q

What are the 3 fossae of the cranial cavity?

A

Anterior
Middle
Posterior

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16
Q

What parts of the sphenoid bone form part of the floor of the skull?

A

Body
Pituitary fossa
Greater wing
Lesser wing

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17
Q

What can be seen on the floor of the skull from the inferior aspect?

A 
Occipital condyles
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Lateral and medial pterygoid plates
palatine bone
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18
Q

What do the occipital conduces do?

A

Articulate with the atlas

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19
Q

How can the styloid and mastoid processes be differentiated?

A

Styloid- smaller, thinner

Mastoid- bigger, more lateral

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20
Q

What is the largest foramen of the skull?

A

Foramen magnum

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21
Q

What does the foramen magnum contain?

A

Medulla and left and right vertebral arteries

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22
Q

What are the orbits?

A

Sockets for the eyeball

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23
Q

What forms the superior margin of the orbit?

A

Frontal and sphenoid bones

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24
Q

What forms the inferior margin of the orbit?

A

Maxilla, palatine and zygomatic bones

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25
Q

What forms the medial border of the orbit?

A

Ethmoid, lacrimal, sphenoid and maxilla bones

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26
Q

What are the air sinuses?

A

Air spaces present in some skull bones around the nasal cavity

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27
Q

What is the function of the air sinuses?

A

Decrease weight of skull
Act as buffer for trauma
Vocal resonance
Produce mucus to moisturise inside of nasal cavity

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28
Q

What are the ear ossicles?

A

3 small bones in the ear that play a role in hearing

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29
Q

What are the 3 ossicles, from superficial to deep?

A

Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)

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30
Q

Where are the ear ossicles found?

A

Petrous part of the temporal bone

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31
Q

What is the external ear canal’s “formal” name?

A

External auditory meatus

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32
Q

Where does the scalp extend to?

A

Anteriorly to frontal bone
Posteriorly to superior nuchal lines of occipital bone
Laterally to zygomatic arches

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33
Q

What forms the zygomatic arches?

A

Temporal process of zygomatic bone

Zygomatic process of temporal bone

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34
Q

What are the layers of the scalp?

A 
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium
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35
Q

What gives sensory innervation to the scalp?

A

Anterior to auricle= branches of trigeminal

Posterior to auricle= Cutaneous branches of C2 and C3

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36
Q

What is the arterial supply to the scalp, from anterior to posterior?

A 
Supratrochlear
Supraorbital
Zygomaticotemporal
Superficial temporal
Posterior auricular
Occipital
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37
Q

How to lacerating scalp wounds bleed and why?

A

Profusely as fibrous fascia events vasoconstriction

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38
Q

What is the venous drainage of the scalp?

A

Facial vein
Retromandibular vein
Internal jugular
Subclavian

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39
Q

What are the emissary veins?

A

Valveless veins connecting veins draining the scalp with intracranial venous sinuses

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40
Q

What is the clinical importance of emissary veins?

A

Can spread infection intracranially

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41
Q

What is dipole?

A

Spongey inner cranial bone

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42
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the scalp?

A

No nodes in scalp, lymph vessels drain away to nodes in the head and neck

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43
Q

What are the muscles of facial expression?

A

Orbicularis oris
Orbicularic could
Occipitofrontalis
Buccinator

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44
Q

Where do muscles of facial expression lie?

A

In superficial fascia of head and neck

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45
Q

What is the action of the orbiculares could?

A

Closes eyelids

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46
Q

What is the innervation of the orbiculares could?

A

Temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve

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47
Q

What is the structure of the orbiculares orgs?

A

4 independent quadrants that interlace

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48
Q

What is the action of the orbiculares orgs?

A

Closes mouth and puckers lips

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49
Q

What is he innervation of the orbiculares orgs?

A

Buccal branch of facial nerve

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50
Q

What is the structure of the occipitofrontalis?

A

2 bellies- frontal and occipital- lined by epicranial aponeurosis

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51
Q

What is the action of the occipitofrontalis?

A

Raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead

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52
Q

What is the innervation of the occipitofrontalis?

A

Facial nerve

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53
Q

What is the action of the buccinator?

A

Compresses cheeks against teeth

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54
Q

What is the innervation of the buccinator?

A

Buccal branch of facial nerve

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55
Q

What is the course of the facial nerve?

A

Emerges from the cranial cavity via the stylomastoid foramen

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56
Q

What are the 3 salivary glands?

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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57
Q

What are the extent and relation of the parotid gland?

A 
Anterior border of SCM
Zygomatic arch
Angle of mandible
Masseter
External auditory meatus
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58
Q

What is the course of the parotid gland?

A

Runs forward, superficial to master, then pierces buccinators to open into the oral cavity opposite 2nd maxillary molar

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59
Q

What structures pass through the parotid gland?

A

Facial nerve
External carotid
Retromandibular vein

60
Q

What is the innervation of the parotid gland?

A 
Sympathetic= superior carvical sympathetic ganglion
Parasympathetic= glossopharyngeal
61
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the face?

A

Ophthalmic nerve= nose, eyes, forehead
Maxillary= cheeks, temples, upper lip
Mandibular= jaw and bottom lip

62
Q

What is the arterial supply of the face?

A

Branches of external carotid

63
Q

What ar the branches of the external carotid?

A 
Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
OccipitalPosterior auricular
Maxillary
Superficial temporal
64
Q

What is the venous drainage of the face?

A

Facial and superficial temporal veins, draining to internal jugular

65
Q

How is the neck divided in the horizontal plane?

A

Into 4 compartments- vertebral, 2 vascular and a visceral

66
Q

What is contained in the vertebral compartment of the neck?

A

Cervical vertebrae and postural muscles

67
Q

What is contained in the vascular compartments of the neck?

A

Major blood vessels and vagus nerve

68
Q

What is contained in the visceral compartment of the neck?

A

Thyroid
Parathyroid glands
Pharynx, larynx, trachea and oesophagus

69
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

70
Q

What does the atlas articulate with superiorly?

A

Occipital condyles

71
Q

What type of joint is present between the atlas and occipital condyles?

72
Q

What kind of joint os present between C1 and C2?

73
Q

What structures pass through the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae?

A

Vertebral artery and vein

74
Q

What sort of curvature s present in the cervical spine?

75
Q

How is the neck divide from the exterior

76
Q

What are the triangles of the neck?

A

Anterior and posterior

77
Q

What are the borders of the anterior triangle of th neck?

A

Mandible
Anterior of SCM
Midline of neck

78
Q

What are the subdivisions of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Submental
Submandibular
Carotid
Muscular

79
Q

What are the boundaries of the submental region?

A

Anterior belly of digastric muscle

Body of hyoid

80
Q

What are the contents of the submental region?

A

Submental lymph nodes

81
Q

What are the boundaries of the submandibular region?

A

Anterior belly of digastric
Posterior belly of digastric
Mandible

82
Q

What are the contents of the submandibular region?

A

Facial artery

Submandibular salivary gland

83
Q

What are the boundaries of the carotid region?

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Posterior belly of digastric
Superior belly of omohyoid

84
Q

What are the contents of the carotid region of the neck?

A

Neurovascular structures

85
Q

What are the boundaries of the muscular region of the neck?

A

Superior bely of omohyoid
Sternocleidomastoid
Midline of neck

86
Q

What are the contents of the muscular region of the neck?

A

Strap muscles of the neck

87
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle of he neck?

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Clavicle

88
Q

What are the contents of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Omohyoid
Scalenes
Roots of brachial plexus

89
Q

What are the attachments of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

Manubrium and clavicle

Mastoid process

90
Q

What are the actions of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

Head tilt to same side

Face turn to opposite side

91
Q

What are the attachments of the trapezius?

A

Occipital bone
Lower thoracic vertebrae
Spine of scapula

92
Q

What are the actions of the trapezius?

A

Rotation, elevation and depression of scapulae

93
Q

What are the main neuromuscular structures of the neck?

A

Carotid arteries
Jugular veins
Vagus and phrenic nerve

94
Q

What is the right common carotid a branch of?

A

Brachiocephalic artery

95
Q

What is the left common carotid a branch of?

A

Arch of aorta

96
Q

Where do the common carotid arteries run?

A

Within the carotid sheath in the anterior triangle of the neck

97
Q

What does the carotid sheath enclose?

A

Common carotid
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve

98
Q

What are the terminal branches of the external carotid?

A

Maxillary

Superficial temporal

99
Q

What what level does the common carotid divide to the external and internal carotid?

100
Q

What does the internal jugular vein arise from?

A

Jugular venous sinus which drains the brain

101
Q

What does the internal jugular vein form?

A

Merges with subclavian to form bracheocephalic

102
Q

What is the external jugular vein?

A

Superficial vein draining brain and scalp

103
Q

Where does the external jugular vein drain to?

A

Subclavian

104
Q

Where does the vagus nerve lie in the carotid sheath?

A

Most posterior

105
Q

What does the phrenic nerve arise from?

A

Cervical plexus in the neck

106
Q

What does the phrenic nerve supply?

107
Q

What is the path of the phrenic nerve?

A

Travels through neck, deep to the carotid sheet, to the thorax

108
Q

At what level os the hyoid bone?

109
Q

What type of bone is the hyoid bone?

A

Irregular bone

110
Q

What are the parts of the hyoid bone?

A

Body
Greater horns
Lesser horns

111
Q

What are the 2 types of muscular attachments to the hyoid?

A

Suprahyoid

Infrahyoid

112
Q

What are the supra hyoid muscular attachments, from superficial to deep?

A

Stylohyoid
Digastric
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid

113
Q

What are the infra hyoid muscular attachments, from superficial to deep?

A

Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
(Sternothyroid)
Thyrohyoid

114
Q

What are the muscles of the tongue?

A

Hyoglossus
Genioglossus
Styloglossus

115
Q

What are the functions of the supra hyoid muscles?

A

Elevate hyoid

Depress mandible

116
Q

What are the functions of the infra hyoid muscles?

A

Depress hyoid

117
Q

What is the nerve innervation of the mylohyoid?

A

Mandibular branch

118
Q

What is the innervation of the geniohyoid?

119
Q

What is the innervation of the digastric?

A

Mylohyoid and facial

120
Q

What is the innervation of the stylohyoid?

121
Q

What is the innervation f the infra hyoid muscles?

A

Ansa cervicali, except for thyrohyoid- C1

122
Q

What is the cervical plexus?

A

Somatic nerve plexus arising from C1-5

123
Q

What does the cervical plexus give rise to?

A

Phrenic nerve

Ansa cervicalis

124
Q

What kind of gland is the thyroid?

125
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

At the front of the neck, anterior to the 2nd and third tracheal rings

126
Q

What are the anatomical parts of the thyroid gland>

A

Right and left lobes

Isthmus

127
Q

Where does the carotid sheath lie in relation to the thyroid?

128
Q

What compartment of the neck is the thyroid gland in?

129
Q

What is the arterial supply of the thyroid?

A

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries

130
Q

Where does the superior thyroid artery arise from?

A

External carotid

131
Q

Where does the inferior thyroid artery arise from?

A

Subclavian

132
Q

What is the venous drainage of the thyroid?

A

Superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

133
Q

Where do the thyroid veins drain to?

A

Superior and middle= internal jugular

Inferior= brachiocephalic

134
Q

How many deciduous teeth are there?

135
Q

How many permanent teeth are there?

136
Q

How many of each type of permanent teeth are there?

A

8 incisors
4 canines
8 premolars
12 molars

137
Q

What type of joint is the TMJ?

138
Q

What does the TMJ form from?

A

Mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

Condylar process of the mandible

139
Q

What movements of the mandible occur at the TMJ?

A

Elevation, depression, side to side, protrusion and retrusion

140
Q

How many muscles of mastication are there?

141
Q

What do the muscles of mastication act on?

142
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

A

Temporalis
Masseter
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid

143
Q

What is the temporalis?

A

Large fan shaped muscle of mastication on the side of the head

144
Q

What are the bony attachments of the temporalis?

A

Coronoid process of mandible

Temporal fossa of parietal bone

145
Q

What are the actions of the temporalis?

A

Anterior fibres= elevation of mandible

Posterior fibres= recursion of mandible

Head and neck AM (13 decks)

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