Allergy Flashcards

1
Q

What is an allergy?

A

Hypersensitivity disorders the immune system

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2
Q

What does an allergy cause?

A

Inappropriate or exaggerated immune reaction, causing damage to the host

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3
Q

What do allergic reactions normally occur against?

A

Allergens- harmless environmental substances, usually proteins

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4
Q

What causes variation in the symptoms of an allergy?

A

Individual
Allergen
Mode of introduction

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5
Q

What is an allergic reaction of the skin called?

A

Urticaria/angiodema

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6
Q

What is an allergic reaction of the upper respiratory tract called?

A

Rhinitis

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7
Q

What is an allergy of the lower respiratory tract called?

A

Asthma

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8
Q

What is a systemic allergic reaction called?

A

Anaphylaxis

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9
Q

What is the pathology of an allergy?

A

Hypersensitivity due to IgE antibodies

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10
Q

What happens in the sensitisation stage of a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Plasma cells produce IgE against allergen, which then bind to mast cells

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11
Q

What happens in the re-exposure phase of a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

IgE activated and mast cells degranulate and causes allergic reaction

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12
Q

What does mast cell degranulation release?

A

Histamine
Leukotrines
Prostaglandins
Chromotactic factors

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13
Q

What does mast cell degranulation physiologically cause?

A

Vasodilation
Vascular permeability
Smooth muscle contraction
Leukocyte infiltration

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14
Q

What is the late phase response?

A

Migration of leukocytes to initial site 2-4 hours after insult

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15
Q

What are the risk factors for an allergy?

A

Hereditary, race, age
Exposure to infectious disease as child, pollution, allergen levels, dietary changes
Flour, latex, wood dust

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16
Q

What is allergic rhinitis?

A

Allergic inflammation of nasal airways

17
Q

When does allergic rhinitis occur?

A

Allergen inhaled by individual with sensitised immune system

18
Q

What are the risk factors for allergic rhinitis?

A

Atopy, family history, 1st born

Exposure to infectious disease as child, pollution, allergen levels, dietary changes

19
Q

What are the immediate symptoms of allergic rhinitis?

A

Sneezing
Itch
Nasal blockage
Rhinorrhoea

20
Q

What are the late symptoms of allergic rhinitis?

A

Chronic obstruction
Hyposmia
Hyperreactivity

21
Q

What are the classifications of allergic rhinitis?

A

Intermittent vs persistent

Mild vs moderate/severe

22
Q

What is classified as intermittent allergic rhinitis?

A

Symptoms for < 4 days per week for < 4 consecutive weeks

23
Q

What is classified as persistent rhinitis?

A

Symptoms for > 4 days a week for > 4 weeks

24
Q

What is classified as mild rhinitis?

A

Symptoms present but not troublesome

25
Q

What is classified as moderate/persistent rhinitis?

A

Sleep disturbance
Impairment of daily activities, school or work
Troublesome symptoms

26
Q

How is an allergy diagnosed?

A
Skin test
RAST
Total serum IgE
Nasal allergen challenge
Nasal cytology
27
Q

What is tested in a skin test?

A

Response to known allergens

28
Q

What is tested in RAST?

A

Presence and levels of allergen specific IgE

29
Q

What is a normal and hypersensitive IgE level?

A
<0.35= normal
>0.35= hypersensitivity
30
Q

How is an allergy treated?

A

Allergen avoidance
Pharmacologically
Possible immunotherapy and surgery

31
Q

How can an allergy be treated pharmacologically?

A
Topical intranasal steroids
Systemc steroids
Antihistamines
Sodium cromoglycate
Allergen immunotherapy
Anti IgE