Global perspective

Question 1

What is the leading cause of blindness?

Answer 1

Cataracts

Question 2

What causes loss of confidence of treatment of cataracts?

Answer 2

Lack of followup and surgical complications

Question 3

What increases the risk of cataracts?

Answer 3

UV exposure

Question 4

What is the leading cause of visual impairment?

Answer 4

uncorrective refractive error

Question 5

How is uncorrective refractive error corrected?

Answer 5

With glasses

Question 6

How is glaucoma treated?

Answer 6

Lifelong eyedrops

Question 7

What are the causes of loss of confidence in treatment?

Answer 7

Complication of poor hygiene with drop insertion

Question 8

What is trachoma?

Answer 8

Bacterial infection due to face washing in dirty water, sharing linen, and flies

Question 9

What predisposes to trachoma?

Answer 9

Vit A deficiency

Question 10

What does trachoma lead to?

Answer 10

Granulation of inner eyelid

Eyelids turn inwards causing scratching of cornea

Question 11

What is the treatment of trachoma?

Answer 11

Surgery
Antibiotics
Facewashing
Environmental

Question 12

What is river blindness transmitted by?

Answer 12

Blackfly

Question 13

What does river blindness cause?

Answer 13

Eye lesions
Inflammation
Scarring

Question 14

What is the treatment of river blindness?

Answer 14

Annual dose of Ivermectine

Question 15

What is the leading cause of childhood blindness in industrialised nations?

Answer 15

Lesions

Question 16

What are the leading causes of childhood blindness in low income countries?

Answer 16

Vit A deficiency

Corneal scars- measles, traditional eye remedies, infections, rubella cataracts

Question 17

What can avoidable blindness be avoided with?

Answer 17

Hygiene, sanitation, clean water
Improved access to eye care
Improved nutrition

Question 18

What are the approaches of avoiding blindness?

Answer 18

Awareness and education
Target nutrition and hygiene
Eye surgery camps an mobile cataract tent
Improves facilities and access
Vaccination programmes

Question 19

What is disabling hearing loss?

Answer 19

Hearing loss greater than 40dB in adults

Question 20

What do many cases of disabling hearing loss benefit from?

Answer 20

Aids, implants, sign language and social support

Question 21

What are the causes of disabling hearing loss?

Answer 21

Congenital- maternal infections, birth asphyxia

Acquired- infections, trauma, excess noise

Question 22

What are the consequences of disabling hearing loss?

Answer 22

Inability to communicate- social isolation

Affect on academic performance and prospects

Question 23

What are the strategies to help with disabling hearing loss?

Answer 23

Immunisations
Antenatal care
Education
Hygiene and clean water
Health and safety legislation
Early detection and intervention
Social support
Simple aids

Question 24

What does global neurological disease account for?

Answer 24

> 50% global burden disease and huge disability

12% global mortality

Question 25

Why is there more head injuries in low income countries?

Answer 25

Limited health and safety legislation
Road traffic accidents
Conflict
Access to healthcare

Question 26

Why are craniofacial abnormalities higher in low income countries?

Answer 26

Secondary to maternal infections

Question 27

What can cleft and lip palate cause?

Answer 27

Feeding difficulties and malnutrition, ear infections, speech problems, breathing difficulties