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Head and neck AM > Otology > Flashcards

Otology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the possible symptoms of otological pathology?

A 
Hearing loss
Tinnitus
Vertigo
Otalgia
Otorrhoea
Facial weakness
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2
Q

What is the pathology of tinnitus?

A

No direct treatable pathology in the vast majority

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3
Q

What is the treatment of tinnitus?

A

Sound enrichment

Stress management

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4
Q

What is the differential diagnosis of vertigo?

A

Benign positional vertigo
Meniere’s disease
Vestibular neuritis
Migraine

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5
Q

What history should be taken for vertigo?

A

Duration
Frequency
Associated symptoms
Precipitating factors

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6
Q

What examinations can be carried out for otological pathology?

A

Otoscope
Microscope
Tuning fork tests
Whispered voice test

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7
Q

What are the types of tuning fork tests?

A

Rinne’s

Weber’s

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8
Q

What is the Rinne’s test?

A

Tuning fork placed in front of ear and on bone and asked which is louder

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9
Q

What would the result of the Rinne’s test be in conductive hearing loss?

A

Bone>air

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10
Q

What would the result of the Rinne’s test be in sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Air>bone

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11
Q

What is the Weber’s test?

A

Tuning fork placed in centre of forehead and patient asked which side it is heard louder

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12
Q

What would the result of the Weber’s test be in sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Heart louder in opposite ear

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13
Q

What would the result of the Weber’s test be in conductive hearing loss?

A

Heard louder in blocked ear

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14
Q

What is a type B result in tympanometry?

A

Tymanic membrane immobile

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15
Q

What is a type C result in tympanometry?

A

Middle ear pressure low

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16
Q

What are the types of outer ear pathology?

A

Auricular haematoma
Otitis externa
Malignancy otitis externa

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17
Q

What is otitis externa?

A

Inflammation of ear canal

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of otitis externa?

A

Itching, pain, discharge, debris shed into ear canal

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19
Q

What is the treatment of otitis externa?

A

Topical treatment

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20
Q

How is malignancy otitis externa treated?

A

Systemic antibiotics

21
Q

What are the pathologies of the middle ear?

A 
Otitis media with effusion
Acute otitis media
Chronic supprative otitis media
Tympanosclerosis
Otosclerosis
22
Q

What causes otitis media with effusion?

A

Eustachian tube not working, meaning middle ear pressure can’t be stabilised
This causes a vacuum to be created and fluid to be secreted as a result

23
Q

What is the treatment of otitis media with effusion?

A

Grommet insertion

24
Q

What is acute otitis media?

A

Inflammation of middle ear accompanied by signs and symptoms of an ear infection

25
Q

What are the types of chronic supprative otitis media?

A

Perforated tympanic membrane

Cholesteatoma

26
Q

What causes a perforated tympanic membrane?

A

Otitis media
Barotrauma
Noise, foreign objects, severe trauma

27
Q

How is a perforated eardrum treated?

A

Usually resolve spontaneously

28
Q

What causes cholesteatoma?

A

Eustachian tube dysfunction creates vacuum in middle ear pulling tympanic membrane into middle ear and creating a cyst that can turn into cholesteatoma

29
Q

What is tympanosclerosis?

A

Calcium deposits in tympanic membrane

30
Q

What is otosclerosis?

A

Extra bone formed in the ear

31
Q

What does otosclerosis cause?

A

Conductive hearing loss but normal tympanic membrane

32
Q

What are the inner ear pathologies?

A 
Presbyacusis
Noise induced hearing loss
Ototoxic medications
Meniere's disease
Head injury
Infections
Vestibular schwannoma
33
Q

What is presbyacusis?

A

Age associated high frequency hearing loss

34
Q

What is a vestibular schwannoma?

A

Benign tumour causing sensorineural hearing loss in 1 ear

35
Q

What is benign positional vertigo?

A

Otoconia in semicircular canals

36
Q

What are the clinical features of benign positional vertigo?

A

Precipitated by specific changes in head position
Lasts a few seconds and can happen up to several times a day
No associated symptoms ad positive Dix-Hallpike test

37
Q

What is the treatment for benign positional vertigo

A

Epley manoeuvre

38
Q

What is vestibular neuritis?

A

Reactivation of latent HSV infection of vestibular ganglion

39
Q

What are the clinical features of vestibular neuritis?

A

Spontaneous vertigo
No associated symptoms
Can last a few days several times

40
Q

What is the treatment of acute and chronic vestibular neuritis?

A

Acute- vestibular sedatives

Chronic- vestibular rehabilitation

41
Q

What is Meniere’s disease?

A

Endolymphatic hydrops

42
Q

What are the clinical features of Meniere’s disease?

A

Spontaneous vertigo
Fluctuating, progressive unilateral hearing loss, tinnitus, aural fullness
Lasts several hours and can occur every few days to few months

43
Q

What is the treatment of Meniere’s disease?

A

Betahistine
Bendrofluazide
Intratympanic dexamethasone
Intratympanic gentamicin

44
Q

What is the pathology of migraines?

A

Vascular or neural

45
Q

What are the clinical features of migraines?

A

Spontaneous vertigo
Variable duration and frequency
Associated with headache, sensory sensitivity, auras
Can be precipitated by migraine triggers

46
Q

What is the treatment of migraines?

A

Avoid triggers
Prophylaxis
Analgesia

47
Q

What is a facial palsy?

A

Lower motor neurone facial weakness

48
Q

What is Bell’s palsy?

A

Acute, idiopathic facial palsy

Head and neck AM (13 decks)

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