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Head and neck AM > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a blastula?

A

Embryonic ball of cells

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2
Q

What is a bilaminar disc?

A

Flattened plate of cells with amniotic cavity dorsally and yolk sac ventrally

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3
Q

What does the bilaminar disc form?

A

Trilaminar disc- ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

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4
Q

Why is there no mesoderm at 2 point in the embryo?

A

Areas that will form the mouth and anus

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5
Q

What causes axis formation in the embryo?

A

Notochord formation

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6
Q

What germ layer forms the neural tube?

A

Ectoderm

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7
Q

What forms the neural crest cells?

A

Some cells at the crest of the neural fold that seperate

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8
Q

When do neural crest cells mix with the mesoderm?

A

In the head and neck region

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9
Q

What is the cavity at the superior of the embryo?

A

Amniotic

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10
Q

What cavity is at the inferior of the embryo?

A

Yolk sac

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11
Q

What are somites?

A

Cells derived from the paraxial mesoderm and form structures like the axial skeleton and muscles

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12
Q

How many somites are there?

A

33 in total

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13
Q

What do somites in the head region of the embryo form?

A

Help in development of cranial skeleton

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14
Q

What are the branchial arches?

A

Series of arches which develop around the future mouth and pharynx

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15
Q

What is the function of the branchial arches?

A

Support primitive pharynx

Face and neck development

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16
Q

Hw many branchial arches are there in humans?

A

5

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17
Q

What does the ectoderm form in the branchial arches?

A

Clefts between arches

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18
Q

What does the mesoderm form in the branchial arches?

A

Cartilage

Muscles

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19
Q

What does the endoderm form in the branchial arches?

A

Pouched between arches

20
Q

What nerve supplies the 1st branchial arch?

A

Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

21
Q

What does the 1st branchial arch form?

A

Anterior belly of digastric muscle

Mandible, males, incus

22
Q

What nerve supplies the 2nd branchial arch?

A

Facial nerve

23
Q

What does the 2nd branchial arch form?

A

Muscles of the face and posterior belly of the digastric muscle
Hyoid, styloid, stapes

24
Q

What nerve supplies the 3rd brcnhail arch?

A

Glossopharyngeal

25
Q

What nerve supplies the 4th branchial arch?

A

Superior laryngeal branch of vagus

26
Q

What does the 4th branchial arch form?

A

Striated muscle of oesophagus and cricoid cartilage

Thyroid cartilage

27
Q

What nerve supplies the 6th branchial arch?

A

Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus

28
Q

What does the 6th branchial arch form?

A

Striated muscle of oesophagus and cricoid cartilage

29
Q

What does the 3rd branchia; arch form?

A

Hyoid

30
Q

What glandular structures develop from the branchial arches?

A

Thyroid
Parathyroid
Part of pituitary

31
Q

What does the face develop from?

A

5 processes

32
Q

What are the 5 processes that the face will develop from?

A

Frontonasal process
Two maxillary processes
Two mandibular processes

33
Q

How are the nasal placodes formed?

A

Rapid downward growth of the frontonasal process

34
Q

What happens to the nasal placodes?

A

Invaginate to form the nasal pit, which will form the nostrils

35
Q

How are the nostrils and mouth separated?

A

Formation of 2 medial processes which fuse and 2 lateral nasal processes

36
Q

What do to medial processed form?

A

Philtrum and septum

37
Q

What are the 2 maxillary processes formed from?

A

Maxillary part of 1st branchial arch

38
Q

What do the mandibular processes form from?

A

1st brachial arch mesoderm

39
Q

What do the mandibular processes do?

A

Fuse in the middle to separate oral and nasal cavities

40
Q

What forms the flat bones of the skull?

A

Membranous ossification

41
Q

What forms the irregular bones of the skull?

A

Endochondral ossification

42
Q

What forms the skeleton of the face?

A

Branchial arches and sensory capsules

43
Q

What is the process of membranous ossification?

A

Mesenchyme directly above the surface of the brain ossifies

44
Q

What forms the mesenchyme around the notochord?

A

Mainly neural crest cells

45
Q

What is the process of endochrondral ossification?

A

Preform in cartilage, then ossify

46
Q

What are the sensory capsules derived from?

A

Mesoderm of somites in head and neck

Head and neck AM (13 decks)

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