reviewed so far bchem Flashcards
They are commonly found as sugars, starches, and cellulose in organisms.
Carbohydrates
they are crucial for building cell membranes.
Lipids
These are the building blocks of many lipids. They consist of a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end.
Fatty acids
They provide structural support and stability to cells, tissues, and organs.
Proteins
Some proteins, such as “?” are responsible for transporting molecules within the body. carries oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and returns carbon dioxide to the lungs for exhalation.
Hemogoblin
”?” are a fundamental class of biomolecules found in all living organisms, playing a central role in the storage, transmission, and expression of genetic information. They are critical for the inheritance of traits from one generation to the next and for the functioning of cells and organisms as a whole.
Nucleic acids
take longer to break down or digest and provide sustained energy.
Complex carbohydrates
are quickly absorbed or digest and provide a rapid source of energy.
Simple carbohydrates
What is the difference between simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates?
Simple Carbohydrates: are quickly absorbed or digest and provide a rapid source of energy.
Complex Carbohydrates take longer to break down or digest and provide sustained energy.
Proteins act as biological catalysts, known as “?”
Enzymes
It refers to the amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature to produce a saturated solutions.
Solubility
The strands of DNA is usually? While the RNA strands are?
Double stranded, single stranded
Are found as pairs and move forward the poles (opposite ends) of the cell until it’s time for cell division
Centrioles
Is a branch of chemistry that combines the principles of physics and biology to study and understand the physical and chemical processes that occur in biological systems. It seeks to explain biological phenomena
Biophysical Chemistry
A substance that can be added to a reaction to increase the reaction rate without getting consumed in the process. Enzymes are proteins that act as “?” in biochemical reactions.
Catalyst
Are enzymes that break the peptide bond that joins amino acids together in proteins. and breaks down proteins
Protease
are one of the major classes of biomolecules, and they are fundamental to life. They are organic compounds composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms
Carbohydrates
Cell membrane contains a double?
Double layer of phospolipids
”?” serves as the primary repository of genetic instructions, while “?” is involved in various processes that translate and express this information
DNA, RNA
(?) is produced in mitochondria and chloroplasts
Adenosine Triposhphate (ATP)
Formed by golgi bodies. It gets rid of worn and cenile cells and organelles which no longer has benefits.
Lysosome
energy is absorbed from the surrounding.
Endothermic
Excess glucose that is not immediately needed for energy is stored in the form of “?”
glycogen in the liver and muscles.
A “?” is a molecule in which one end of the molecule is slightly positive, while the other end is slightly negative.
Polar molecule
SER
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Aerobic respiration occurs in the?
mitochondria
Is the control center of the cell.
Nucleus
Is a dense region of RNA (ribo-nucleic acides) and is the site of ribosome formation
Nucleolus
Water (H2O) is a molecule of paramount importance in biological systems due to its?
unique chemical and physical properties.
Is the attraction between water molecules,
Cohesion
Is an enzyme responsible for converting starches into the sugar maltose, which are a disaccharide. this enzyme is present in saliva.
Amalyse
When energy demands increase glycogen can be broken down into “?”
glucose and released into the bloodstream to maintain blood sugar levels and provide energy.
”?” are two important concepts in chemistry, particularly in the context of molecular interactions and the behavior of substances
Polarity and hydrogen bonding
carbohydrates are broken down during digestion into simpler sugars, such as “?”
Glucose
The main storehouse of respiratory enzymes in the cell.
Mitochondria (powerhouse)
Organelle that synthesize protein in the cell
Ribosome
Gell like fluid in the cell. Provides a platform for organelles to operate within the cell
Cytoplasm
A microscope with a high magnification and resolution, employing electron beams in place of light and using electron lenses
Electron microscope.
Carbohydrates are made out of?
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
A photograph or image of a specimen that was taken by the electron microscope.
Electron micrographs
Proteins found in the cell membrane provide?
Structural support
Carbohydrates serve as a?
primary source of energy for cells.
Are specialized proteins produced by the immune system to recognize and neutralize foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens.
Antibodies
Polarity, water is a polar molecule because “?”
because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen.
”?” the polarity of water allows it to form hydrogen bonds.
Hydrogen bonding
Are macromolecules made out of fatty acid monomers
Lipids
They store more energy per gram than carbohydrates or proteins. When the body needs energy, it can break down “?” to release it.
they are crucial for building cell membranes.
Lipids
Hydrogen Bonding, the polarity of water allows it to form
Hydrogen bonds
Atoms are?
building blocks of matter
Is the high level of attraction of water molecules to each other due to the hydrogen bonds in water
Surface tension
A type of carbohydrate that is found in the exoskeletons of insects and other arthropods, providing strength and protection.
Chitin
while “?” is the attraction between water molecules and other substances.
Adhesion
Specialized for receiving molecules that are secreted by the ER
Golgi apparatus (body)
Phospholopids create a?
lipid bilayer that separates the cell’s internal environment from the external one.
are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules with critical roles in energy storage, cell structure, hormone production, and various biological processes. They are essential for the proper functioning and maintenance of living organisms.
Lipids
speeds up the rate of dissolving as it helps in distributing the solute
particles throughout the solvent.
Stirring
It means how much of a solute (for example, salt) can dissolve in a solvent (for example, water) before the solvent can dissolve no more of the solvent.
Saturation
Water requires a substantial amount of energy to change from a “?”
liquid to a gas (vapor)
Hydrogen bonds are attractive forces between “?”
positively charged hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the negatively charged oxygen
RER
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Water’s unusual properties arise from its unique molecular structure and the interactions between its constituent atoms, the atoms in water are?
oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H).
Enzymes can function both (?) cells and (?) cells
inside cells (Intracellular), outside cells (extracellular)
energy is released into the surrounding as heat.
Exothermic
A “?” is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase.
solution
A part of the cell that stops cell contents from escaping. And controls substances that are allowed to go in and out of the cell.
Cell membrane
A type of protein made by your pancreas, an organ located near your stomach. It helps your body digest fats. It’s normal to have a small amount of “?” in your blood.
Lipase
Glucose can be rapidly used by cells to produce energy through a process called “?”
Cellular respiration
Nucleic envelope and cell membrance. Transfers substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Water is often referred to as the “?” because it can ?
“universal solvent” because it can dissolve a wide range of substances
Threads of ? Found in the nucleus contain DNA, genetic materials for the cell
Chromatine
These have a hydrophilic (water-attracting) head and two hydrophobic tails, making them essential for cell membrane structure.
Phospholipids
(ATP)
Adenosine Triposhphate (ATP)
4 major types of biomolecules
Lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, protein.
