Anaphy Flashcards
-is the scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body.
-means to dissect, or cut apart and separate
-examines relationship between the structure of a body part and its function.
Anatomy
-examines tissues which cells surrounds them
Histology
-study of structures without the aid of microscope
Gross Anatomy
-the body is studied system by system
Ex. Skeletal System, Digestive system
Systematical Anatomy
-the body is studied area by area
Ex. Within each region: head, abdomen, all systems are studied simultaneously
Regional Anatomy
-study of structural changes between conception and adulthood
Developmental Anatomy
-changes from conception to end of 8th week development
-most birth defects occur
Embryology
-structural features of cells
Cytology
-study of the external form of the body and its
relation to deeper structures.
Ex. Sternum and the parts of the ribs
Surface Anatomy
-use of radiographs, ultrasound, MRI and modalities to create pictures of internal structures
Anatomic Imaging
-the scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things.
-The study of human body must encompass both anatomy and physiology because structures, functions, and processes are interwoven.
Physiology
-medical science dealing with all aspects of diseases, with an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions, structural and functional changes resulting from disease.
Pathology
-this is the very basic level which involves interactions between atoms, which are tiny building blocks of matter that participate in chemical reactions. Atoms can combine to form molecules.
Chemical Level
-Molecules combined to form cells. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of an organism. Kinds of cells in the body: muscle cells, nerve cells, epithelial
Cell Level
-group of cells make up tissues.
There are four basic types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues
Tissue level
-different tissues combined to form organs (stomach, heat, skin, eyes are example of organs)
An organ is composed of two or more tissue types that performs one or more common functions.
Organ Level
-consists of related organs with a common function
Ex. Digestive system: breaks down and absorbs food. Its organs include mouth, salivary gland, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas.
Organ system
-organ systems make up an organism.
Organism is any living thing considered as a whole such as a human.
Organ System: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine,cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive.
Organism Level
- Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D.
Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands.
Integumentary System
- Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and store minerals and adipose tissue.
Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints minerals and fats.
Skeletal System
composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers. Their predominant function is contractibility. Muscles, attached to bones or internal organs and blood vessels, are responsible for movement. Nearly all movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction.
Muscular system
- Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH.
- Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages.
Respiratory System
- Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes.
Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.
Digestive System
- A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions.
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.
Nervous System
- A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many
other functions.
Consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones.
Endocrine System
- Transports nutrients, waste products, gases,
and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature.
Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
Cardiovascular System
- Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance.
Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine.
Urinary System
- Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors.
Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis.
Male Reproductive System
- Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors.
Consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated structures.
Female Reproductive System
and dissection of its internal organs to confirm or determine the cause of death. It can uncover the existence of diseases not detected during life, determine the extent of injuries, and explain how those injuries may have contributed to a person’s death. Moreover, the autopsy can reveal conditions that may affect offspring such congenital heart defects).
Autopsy
-is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s regulatory processes.
Homeostasis
If homeostatic imbalance is moderate?
a disorder or disease may occur.
is any abnormality of structure and function.
Disorder
is a more specific term for the illness characterized by a recognizable signs and symptoms.
Disease
is the science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in a community.
Epidemiology
- Homeostasis in the human body is continually disturbed. (Homeostatic Imbalance)
Disruption comes from the?
- External environment
- Originate in Internal environment
- Psychological stresses in social environment
is a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated and so on.
* Each monitored variable such as body temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose is termed as controlled condition.
Feedback system/loop
refers to a person standing erect, feet slightly apart with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, palms of the hand facing forward.
Anatomical position
Supine
lying face upward
Prone:
lying face downward
