analec finals Flashcards
Make sure that our body gets the oxygen, nutrients and other things it needs and gets rid of wastes.
Cardiovascular system
organ system that distributes blood in all parts of the body.
Cardiovascular system
the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
Cardiovascular system
functions of the cardiovascular system
- This system carries oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones and other substances.
- It plays an important role in helping the body meet the demands of activity, exercise, and stress.
- Protects the body against disease and infection.
-To help the body maintain a constant body temperature (‘thermoregulation ‘)
Your heart’s conduction system is the ???
network of nodes, specialized cells, and electrical signals that keep your heart beating.
TWO TYPES OF CELLS THAT CONTROLS HEARTBEAT
Conducting Cells - carries electrical signal.
Muscle Cells - control’s contractions.
carries electrical signal.
Conducting Cells
control’s contractions.
Muscle Cells
function of the heart conduction system
Your heart functions as a pump, propelling blood throughout your body with each beat. During each heartbeat, electrical signals traverse the conduction pathway of your heart. The process initiates with the sinoatrial (SA) node generating an excitation signal.
The (?) instructing them to contract
atria
(?) briefly pausing until the atria are emptied of blood
Atrioventricular (AV) node
The signal then travels along the (?) transmitting it to the purkinje fibers
bundle of his
convey the signal to your ventricles, prompting them to conract
purkinje fibers
The electrical signals in your heart make it beat by (?) and (?)
expanding and contracting.
The electrical signals in your heart make it beat by expanding and contracting. Basically, it helps keep your (?) and (?) based on what your body needs.
heartbeat steady and adjusts the speed
The (?), also known as heart’s natural pacemaker, is like a control center. It sends electrical signals that kickstart your heartbeat.
sinoatrial node
The sinoatrial node, also known as heart’s (?), is like a control center. It sends electrical signals that kickstart your heartbeat.
natural pacemaker
consistently delays the electrical signal from the SA node by a small fraction of a second. This deliberate delay ensures that your atria, the upper chambers of the heart, have enough time to empty their blood into the ventricles before the contraction cycle concludes.
ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV NODE)
AUTONOMOUS NERVOUS SYSTEM.
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Known for the “fight or flight” response, speeds up your heart rate by making the SA node work faster
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Responsible for the “rest and digest” response, slows down your heart rate by making the SA node work slower.
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
(?) or the (?) acts as a crucial link in the heart’s communication system. It resembles a bridge made of nerve fibers extending from the AV node. It acts as a messenger, taking the electrical signal from the AV node and passing it along to the Purkinje fibers.
The bundle of His, or the atrioventricular bundle
The bundle of His, or the atrioventricular bundle acts as a crucial link in the (?).
heart’s communication system.
THE TWO BRANCHES OF BUNDLE OF HIS
LEFT BUNDLE BRANCH
RIGHT BUNDLE BRANCH
Sends electrical signals through the Purkinje fibers to your left ventricle.
LEFT BUNDLE BRANCH
Sends electrical signals through the Purkinje fibers to your right ventricle.
RIGHT BUNDLE BRANCH
are specialized nerve cell branches.
Purkinje fibers
Rapidly transmit electrical signals to both the right and left ventricles of the heart.
Purkinje fibers
Situated in the subendocardial surface of your ventricle walls.
Purkinje fibers
During (?), the heart begins as a tube-like structure.
early embryonic development
During early embryonic development, the heart begins as a tube-like structure.
Formation of the Heart Tube
The heart tube undergoes looping and partitioning to form distinct chambers – the (?) and (?)
atria and ventricles.
The heart tube undergoes looping and partitioning to form distinct chambers – the atria and ventricles.
Looping and Partitioning
The formation of blood vessels begins with (?), where blood vessels originate from angioblasts (precursor cells).
Vasculogenesis
The formation of blood vessels begins with vasculogenesis, where blood vessels originate from (?)
angioblasts (precursor cells).
Involves the sprouting and branching of blood vessels from existing vessels.
Angiogenesis
Heart valves develop from specialized regions of the heart tube, and their formation is crucial for regulating blood flow within the heart.
Valve formation
(?) involves the formation of septa (partitions) within the heart to separate the atria and ventricles.
Septation
Septation involves the formation of (?) within the heart to separate the atria and ventricles.
septa (partitions)
the cardiovascular system adapts to the unique environment of the womb.
Fetal Circulation
Blood vessels continue to grow and remodel to accommodate the increasing demands of the developing fetus.
Growth of Blood Vessels
After birth, the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale typically close as the infant transitions to independent pulmonary and systemic circulation.
Closure of Fetal Shunts
The system continues to undergo (?) and (?) during infancy, childhood, and adolescence.
remodeling and maturation
Regular physical activity, especially aerobic exercise, can lead to adaptive changes in the cardiovascular system.
Hypertrophy
Exercise can also stimulate the development of collateral blood vessels, enhancing oxygen delivery to tissues.
Increased Vascularization
Adaptive Changes in Response to Exercise
Increased Vascularization
Hypertrophy
Maturation and Growth
Fetal Circulation
Growth of Blood Vessels
(?) normally changes during the day and adjusts to your activity level. But (?) that’s too high or too low can be dangerous.
BLOOD PRESSURE
A (?) happens when something blocks the blood flow to your heart so it can’t get the oxygen it needs.
heart attack
(?) are chemical messengers that help your body perform a variety of tasks. The endocrine system is made up largely of the (?) that are produced and released by several glands, organs, and tissues
hormones
Once produced in one area of the body, they go to other areas to influence the function of organs and cells.
hormones
Hormones control many different bodily processes, including:
- Metabolism
- Homeostasis
- Growth and development
- Sexual function
- Reproduction
- Sleep-wake cycle
It refers to the complex set of chemical processes that occur within living organisms to maintain life
METABOLISM
It is the physiological process by which living organisms maintain internal stability and balance in the face of external changes.
HOMEOSTASIS
It refers to the dynamic processes of physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur throughout the lifespan of an organism.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
It refers to the physiological and psychological processes involved in human sexual response such as desire, arousal, orgasm, and resolution
SEXUAL FUNCTION
It is the biological process by which new individuals of the same species are produced, ensuring the continuation of that species.
REPRODUCTION
This is also known as the circadian rhythm, a natural, internal process that regulates the sleep and wakefulness patterns in living beings.
SLEEP-WAKE CYCLE
Occurs when the pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin or when insulin is not functioning properly.
DIABETES
occurs when the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones.
Hyperthyroidism
occurs when the thyroid gland isn’t producing enough thyroid hormones.
Hypothyroidism
Occurs when the ovaries overproduce androgens.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
small structures attached to the top of each “Kidney.” The human body has two “?” that releases chemicals called “Hormones” in the bloodstream. These hormones effects many parts of the body
ADRENAL GLAND
responsible for producing glucagon and insulin. located in the “Abdominal Cavity ” behind the stomach.
PANCREAS
keeps your “Metabolism “ under control through the actions of “Thyroid Hormone” which makes it by extracting iodine from the blood and incorporating it into “Thyroid Hormones.”
THYROID GLAND
Is the small and most important endocrine gland in the body. located near the pituitary gland.
PINEAL GLAND
One of the most baffling gland in the body is “?” It lies just above the neck and behind the top of the “Breastbone.” The ? is bilobed mass of lymphoid tissue located in the “Anterior Mediastenum.
THYMUS GLAND
known as “Master Gland” attached to the hypothalamus. A pea sized, reddish-gray body that stores hormone from the hypothalamus and releases into the blood stream.
PITUITARY GLAND
small bean shaped structures behind the “Thyroid Gland.” The ? is actually a group of four small glands, collectively they are known as “Parathyroid Gland.”
PARATHYROID GLAND
Skeletal muscles are made up of (?) and (?)
long and cylindrical cells
They are also known as striated muscles because they have alternate dark and light bands.
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Most cells in the human body hold a “?”
membrane potential.
Selective (?) and (?) allow for increases in concentration of charged ions inside and/or outside the plasma membrane.
ion channels and transporters
The lipid bilayer of the (?) insulates the inside of the cell from the outside and does not allow the free diffusion of ions.
plasma membrane
Nerves send (?) that help you feel sensations and move your muscles.
electrical signals
Nerves also control body functions like (?) and (?)
digesting food and maintaining your heart rate.
-Amount of tension increases during the contraction process. But the length of the muscle does not change.
-Responsible for the length of the body’s postural muscle, such as the muscle of the back.
Isometric Contractions
-Amount of muscle tension is constant but the length of the muscle decreases.
-Movements of the arms and fingers.
Isotonic Contractions
-Isotonic contractions in which tension increases as muscle shorten.
-Many common movements are produced by (?) muscle contractions
Concentric Contractions
-Are used when a person slowly lowers a heavy weight.
-Occurs in hamstring muscles when a person runs downhill.
Eccentric Contractions
