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TFN > biolec lesson 3-4 > Flashcards

biolec lesson 3-4 Flashcards

1
Q

is a biomolecule that gives an organism’s structure to perform its function in an ecosystem.

A

Protein

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2
Q

the fundamental building blocks of proteins.

A

Amino acids

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3
Q

are large and complex macromolecules that play crucial roles in living organisms.

A

Protein

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4
Q

Proteins are involved in various biological functions such as (?)

A

such as enzyme catalysis, structural support, immune system function, and many others.

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5
Q

Sequence of a chain of amino acids.

A

Primary Protein Structure​

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6
Q

Hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern.

A

Secondary Protein Structure​

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7
Q

Three- dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions.

A

Tertiary Protein Structure​

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8
Q

Protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain.

A

Quaternary Protein Structure​

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9
Q

is typically the chemical species being observed in a chemical reaction, which reacts with a reagent to generate a product. In synthetic and organic chemistry, the substrate is the chemical of interest that is being modified.​

A

Substrate

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10
Q

is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction. ​

A

Active site

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11
Q

indicates a continuous change in the conformation and shape of an enzyme in response to substrate binding.​

A

Induced fit

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12
Q

is a substance that can be added to a reaction to increase the reaction rate without getting consumed in the process. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions.

A

Catalyst

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13
Q

are a kind of protein that catalyzes and speed up chemical reactions that happen in a cell.

A

Enzymes

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14
Q

Proteins are (?) that are essential for our bodies to function properly.​

A

amino acids

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15
Q

Are protein molecules in cells which work as biological catalysts.​

A

Enzymes

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16
Q

speed up chemical reactions in the body, but do not get used up in the process

A

Enzymes

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17
Q

therefore can be used over and over again. Almost all biochemical reactions in living things need (?)

A

enzymes.

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18
Q

a type of protein made by your pancreas, an organ located near your stomach. It helps your body digest fats. It’s normal to have a small amount of lipase in your blood.​

A

Lipase

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19
Q

are enzymes that break the peptide bond that joins amino acids together in proteins.​

A

Protease

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20
Q

is an enzyme responsible for converting starches into the sugar maltose, which is a disaccharide. This enzyme, present in saliva.​

A

Amylase

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21
Q

typically metal ions (ex. iron)​

A

Cofactors

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22
Q

organic molecules (ex. vitamins)

A

Coenzymes

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23
Q

often referred to as redox reactions, are fundamental chemical processes that involve the transfer of electrons between substances.

A

Oxidation and reduction reactions

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24
Q

a substance loses electrons. It becomes more positively charged because it has lost negatively charged electrons. Think of it as “oxidation is loss.” Oxidation makes a substance more “oxidized” or less negative.

A

oxidation reaction

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25
Q

a substance gains electrons. It becomes more negatively charged because it has gained negatively charged electrons. Think of it as “reduction is gain.” Reduction makes a substance more “reduced” or less positive.

A

reduction reaction

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26
Q

These processes always happen simultaneously in a redox reaction. One substance is oxidized (?), and another substance is reduced (?). ​

A

(loses electrons), (gains electrons). ​

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27
Q

The effects of the following factors on the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions: ​

A

 temperature​
 pH (using buffer solutions)​
 substrate concentration

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28
Q

Examples of Enzyme​

A

Lipase, Amylase, Protease, Cofactors, Coenzymes

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29
Q

When an enzyme becomes denatured, it (?)

A

has lost some of its original properties.

30
Q

(?) can occur because of heat or from chemical reactions that have rendered the enzyme inactive.

A

Denaturing

31
Q

Enzymes can function both (?)

A

inside cells (intracellular) and outside cells (extracellular).​

32
Q

(?) That act inside cells are responsible for catalyzing the millions of reactions that occur in metabolic pathways such as glycolysis in the mitochondria and in the photosynthetic pathway in the chloroplast. The lysosome contains many enzymes that are mainly responsible for destroying old cells.​

A

Intracellular Enzymes

33
Q

(?) or (?) are synthesized inside the cell and then secreted outside the cell, where their function is to break down complex macromolecules into smaller units to be taken up by the cell for growth and assimilation.

A

Extracellular enzymes or exoenzymes

34
Q

(?) are essential in giving energy to the body and fuel the metabolic processes of a living organism

A

Carbohydrates

35
Q

It can also be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides based on its structural components.

A

Carbohydrates

36
Q
  • The simplest carbohydrates, also called simple sugars, are plentiful in fruits. ​
    A (?) is a carbohydrate consisting of one sugar unit. Common examples of simple sugars or monosaccharides are glucose and fructose. ​
A

Monosaccharides​

37
Q

also called double sugar, any substance that is composed of two molecules of simple sugars (monosaccharides) linked to each other. ​

A

Disaccharides​

38
Q
  • They are long chains of carbohydrate molecules, composed of several smaller monosaccharides. ​
    These complex bio-macromolecules functions as an important source of energy in animal cell and form a structural component of a plant cell.
A

Polysaccharides​

39
Q

(?) are biomolecules that play an important role maintaining electric impulses, storing energy, producing hormones, and supporting cell’s structure.

A

Lipids

40
Q

Lipids are biomolecules that play an important role maintaining (?).

A

electric impulses, storing energy, producing hormones, and supporting cell’s structure

41
Q

are long chains of carbon skeleton with 16 or 18 carbon atoms in length. The presence of carboxylic acids is the reason that fatty acids become acidic.

A

Fatty acids

42
Q

(?) are composed of fatty acids and glycerol. Glycerol is an example of alcohol with three carbons and a hydroxyl group attached to it.

A

Fats

43
Q

(?) lack double bonds between the individual carbon atoms

A

Saturated fatty acids

44
Q

(?) there is at least one double bond in the fatty acid chain. ​

A

unsaturated fatty acids

45
Q

Phospholipids are major membrane lipids that consist of (?)

A

lipid bilayers.​

46
Q

(?) are major membrane lipids that consist of lipid bilayers.​

A

Phospholipids

47
Q

It is composed of hydrophilic head with choline, phosphate, and glycerol, and the two hydrophobic tails of long atoms of carbon.

A

Phospholipids

48
Q

(?) are another form of lipids with four fused rings rather than a long carbon chain.​ can be characterized and distinguish by the chemical groups attached to its four fused rings.​

A

Steroids

49
Q

One kind of steroids is (?), an essential molecule in humans and animals that serves as a precursor of sex hormones, vitamin D, and cortisone.​

A

Cholesterol

50
Q

(?) can synthesize cholesterol in their liver, or can be obtained from food and diet.

A

Vertebrates

51
Q

(?) is a steroid hormone that is produced by your 2 adrenal glands, which sit on top of each kidney. ​When you are stressed, increased (?) is released into your bloodstream. ​

A

Cortisol

52
Q

Having the right (?) balance is essential for your health, and producing too much or too little (?) can cause health problems

A

cortisol

53
Q

have various kinds which can be found inside the cells that would also carry genetic information.

A

(?)

54
Q

The primary function of nucleic acids, specifically (?), is to store, transmit, and express genetic information, guiding the development, functioning, and reproduction of living organisms.

A

DNA and RNA

55
Q

Three components, nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphoric acid are combined by (?) to form a nucleotide with the formation of two molecules of water.

A

condensation reactions

56
Q

A nitrogenous base, either?

A

cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A), thymine (T), or uracil (U)​

57
Q

A pentose sugar, either?

A

deoxyribose (in DNA) or ribose (in RNA).​

58
Q

Purines have a (?)

A

double ring structure.​

59
Q

Pyrimidines have a (?)

A

single ring structure.

60
Q

(?) forms hydrogen bonds with Thymine and Guanine form hydrogen bond with Cytosine.​

A

Adenine

61
Q

Complementary base pairing ensures proper bases are incorporated into the (?)

A

new DNA strand.​

62
Q

(?) is coded for by a gene and that a gene is a sequence of nucleotides that forms part of a DNA molecule.

A

Polypeptide

63
Q

(?), is the first step in gene expression. It involves copying a gene’s DNA sequence to make an RNA molecule. Transcription is performed by enzymes called RNA polymerases, which link nucleotides to form an RNA strand (using a DNA strand as a template).

A

Transcription

64
Q

(?), this occur in the cytoplasm. Amino acid are activated by combining with short lengths of a different sort of RNA, called transfer RNA (tRNA).​ Their most important feature is that there is a different transfer RNA for each of the 20 amino acids involved in protein synthesis.​

A

Amino acid activation

65
Q

(?), the sequence of nucleotides on the RNA is translated into the amino acid sequence of proteins and this reaction is carried out by ribosomes.

A

Translation

66
Q

Protein synthesis- The Stages:

A

Transcription, Amino acid activation, Translation

67
Q

A (?) is a change in the sequence of nucleotides that may result in an altered polypeptide with reference to the nucleotide sequence for HbA (normal) and HbS (sickle cell) alleles of the gene for the β-globin polypeptide.

A

gene mutation

68
Q

Single, uncoiled strand. serves as pattern for assembly of amino acids.

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

69
Q

Carries amino acids to the ribosome. single stranded.

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

70
Q

Globular form. makes up the structure of the ribosome.

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

TFN (31 decks)

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