biolec lesson 3-4 Flashcards
is a biomolecule that gives an organism’s structure to perform its function in an ecosystem.
Protein
the fundamental building blocks of proteins.
Amino acids
are large and complex macromolecules that play crucial roles in living organisms.
Protein
Proteins are involved in various biological functions such as (?)
such as enzyme catalysis, structural support, immune system function, and many others.
Sequence of a chain of amino acids.
Primary Protein Structure
Hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern.
Secondary Protein Structure
Three- dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions.
Tertiary Protein Structure
Protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain.
Quaternary Protein Structure
is typically the chemical species being observed in a chemical reaction, which reacts with a reagent to generate a product. In synthetic and organic chemistry, the substrate is the chemical of interest that is being modified.
Substrate
is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.
Active site
indicates a continuous change in the conformation and shape of an enzyme in response to substrate binding.
Induced fit
is a substance that can be added to a reaction to increase the reaction rate without getting consumed in the process. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions.
Catalyst
are a kind of protein that catalyzes and speed up chemical reactions that happen in a cell.
Enzymes
Proteins are (?) that are essential for our bodies to function properly.
amino acids
Are protein molecules in cells which work as biological catalysts.
Enzymes
speed up chemical reactions in the body, but do not get used up in the process
Enzymes
therefore can be used over and over again. Almost all biochemical reactions in living things need (?)
enzymes.
a type of protein made by your pancreas, an organ located near your stomach. It helps your body digest fats. It’s normal to have a small amount of lipase in your blood.
Lipase
are enzymes that break the peptide bond that joins amino acids together in proteins.
Protease
is an enzyme responsible for converting starches into the sugar maltose, which is a disaccharide. This enzyme, present in saliva.
Amylase
typically metal ions (ex. iron)
Cofactors
organic molecules (ex. vitamins)
Coenzymes
often referred to as redox reactions, are fundamental chemical processes that involve the transfer of electrons between substances.
Oxidation and reduction reactions
a substance loses electrons. It becomes more positively charged because it has lost negatively charged electrons. Think of it as “oxidation is loss.” Oxidation makes a substance more “oxidized” or less negative.
oxidation reaction
a substance gains electrons. It becomes more negatively charged because it has gained negatively charged electrons. Think of it as “reduction is gain.” Reduction makes a substance more “reduced” or less positive.
reduction reaction
These processes always happen simultaneously in a redox reaction. One substance is oxidized (?), and another substance is reduced (?).
(loses electrons), (gains electrons).
The effects of the following factors on the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions:
temperature
pH (using buffer solutions)
substrate concentration
Examples of Enzyme
Lipase, Amylase, Protease, Cofactors, Coenzymes
When an enzyme becomes denatured, it (?)
has lost some of its original properties.
(?) can occur because of heat or from chemical reactions that have rendered the enzyme inactive.
Denaturing
Enzymes can function both (?)
inside cells (intracellular) and outside cells (extracellular).
(?) That act inside cells are responsible for catalyzing the millions of reactions that occur in metabolic pathways such as glycolysis in the mitochondria and in the photosynthetic pathway in the chloroplast. The lysosome contains many enzymes that are mainly responsible for destroying old cells.
Intracellular Enzymes
(?) or (?) are synthesized inside the cell and then secreted outside the cell, where their function is to break down complex macromolecules into smaller units to be taken up by the cell for growth and assimilation.
Extracellular enzymes or exoenzymes
(?) are essential in giving energy to the body and fuel the metabolic processes of a living organism
Carbohydrates
It can also be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides based on its structural components.
Carbohydrates
- The simplest carbohydrates, also called simple sugars, are plentiful in fruits.
A (?) is a carbohydrate consisting of one sugar unit. Common examples of simple sugars or monosaccharides are glucose and fructose.
Monosaccharides
also called double sugar, any substance that is composed of two molecules of simple sugars (monosaccharides) linked to each other.
Disaccharides
- They are long chains of carbohydrate molecules, composed of several smaller monosaccharides.
These complex bio-macromolecules functions as an important source of energy in animal cell and form a structural component of a plant cell.
Polysaccharides
(?) are biomolecules that play an important role maintaining electric impulses, storing energy, producing hormones, and supporting cell’s structure.
Lipids
Lipids are biomolecules that play an important role maintaining (?).
electric impulses, storing energy, producing hormones, and supporting cell’s structure
are long chains of carbon skeleton with 16 or 18 carbon atoms in length. The presence of carboxylic acids is the reason that fatty acids become acidic.
Fatty acids
(?) are composed of fatty acids and glycerol. Glycerol is an example of alcohol with three carbons and a hydroxyl group attached to it.
Fats
(?) lack double bonds between the individual carbon atoms
Saturated fatty acids
(?) there is at least one double bond in the fatty acid chain.
unsaturated fatty acids
Phospholipids are major membrane lipids that consist of (?)
lipid bilayers.
(?) are major membrane lipids that consist of lipid bilayers.
Phospholipids
It is composed of hydrophilic head with choline, phosphate, and glycerol, and the two hydrophobic tails of long atoms of carbon.
Phospholipids
(?) are another form of lipids with four fused rings rather than a long carbon chain. can be characterized and distinguish by the chemical groups attached to its four fused rings.
Steroids
One kind of steroids is (?), an essential molecule in humans and animals that serves as a precursor of sex hormones, vitamin D, and cortisone.
Cholesterol
(?) can synthesize cholesterol in their liver, or can be obtained from food and diet.
Vertebrates
(?) is a steroid hormone that is produced by your 2 adrenal glands, which sit on top of each kidney. When you are stressed, increased (?) is released into your bloodstream.
Cortisol
Having the right (?) balance is essential for your health, and producing too much or too little (?) can cause health problems
cortisol
have various kinds which can be found inside the cells that would also carry genetic information.
(?)
The primary function of nucleic acids, specifically (?), is to store, transmit, and express genetic information, guiding the development, functioning, and reproduction of living organisms.
DNA and RNA
Three components, nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphoric acid are combined by (?) to form a nucleotide with the formation of two molecules of water.
condensation reactions
A nitrogenous base, either?
cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A), thymine (T), or uracil (U)
A pentose sugar, either?
deoxyribose (in DNA) or ribose (in RNA).
Purines have a (?)
double ring structure.
Pyrimidines have a (?)
single ring structure.
(?) forms hydrogen bonds with Thymine and Guanine form hydrogen bond with Cytosine.
Adenine
Complementary base pairing ensures proper bases are incorporated into the (?)
new DNA strand.
(?) is coded for by a gene and that a gene is a sequence of nucleotides that forms part of a DNA molecule.
Polypeptide
(?), is the first step in gene expression. It involves copying a gene’s DNA sequence to make an RNA molecule. Transcription is performed by enzymes called RNA polymerases, which link nucleotides to form an RNA strand (using a DNA strand as a template).
Transcription
(?), this occur in the cytoplasm. Amino acid are activated by combining with short lengths of a different sort of RNA, called transfer RNA (tRNA). Their most important feature is that there is a different transfer RNA for each of the 20 amino acids involved in protein synthesis.
Amino acid activation
(?), the sequence of nucleotides on the RNA is translated into the amino acid sequence of proteins and this reaction is carried out by ribosomes.
Translation
Protein synthesis- The Stages:
Transcription, Amino acid activation, Translation
A (?) is a change in the sequence of nucleotides that may result in an altered polypeptide with reference to the nucleotide sequence for HbA (normal) and HbS (sickle cell) alleles of the gene for the β-globin polypeptide.
gene mutation
Single, uncoiled strand. serves as pattern for assembly of amino acids.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Carries amino acids to the ribosome. single stranded.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Globular form. makes up the structure of the ribosome.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
