Biochemistry Flashcards
- Water is often referred to as the “?” because it can ?
“universal solvent” because it can dissolve a wide range of substances
Is the attraction between water molecules,
Cohesion
while “?” is the attraction between water molecules and other substances.
Adhesion
Water requires a substantial amount of energy to change from a “?”
liquid to a gas (vapor)
”?” the polarity of water allows it to form hydrogen bonds.
Hydrogen Bonding
Hydrogen Bonding, the polarity of water allows it to form
hydrogen bonds.
Hydrogen bonds are attractive forces between “?”
positively charged hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the negatively charged oxygen
A “?” is a molecule in which one end of the molecule is slightly positive, while the other end is slightly negative.
polar molecule
Polarity, water is a polar molecule because “?”
because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen.
This separation of charges creates a “?” moment in the water molecule.
permanent dipole
”?” are two important concepts in chemistry, particularly in the context of molecular interactions and the behavior of substances
Polarity and hydrogen bonding
Water’s unusual properties arise from its unique molecular structure and the interactions between its constituent atoms,
oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H).
Is a branch of chemistry that combines the principles of physics and biology to study and understand the physical and chemical processes that occur in biological systems. It seeks to explain biological phenomena
Biophysical Chemistry
Water (H2O) is a molecule of paramount importance in biological systems due to its?
unique chemical and physical properties.
Is the high level of attraction of water molecules to each other due to the hydrogen bonds in water
Surface tension
Solvent property is critical for biological systems as it allows water to transport
nutrients, ions, and gases within cells and throughout organisms.
is critical for biological systems as it allows water to transport nutrients, ions, and gases within cells and throughout organisms.
Solvent property
A “?” is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase.
solution
It means how much of a solute (for example, salt) can dissolve in a solvent (for example, water) before the solvent can dissolve no more of the solvent.
Saturation
It refers to the amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature to produce a saturated solutions.
Solubility
an increase in the temperature of the solution “?”.
increases the solubility of a solid solute.
the greater the surface area, the “?”
greater interaction between the solute and solvent.
speeds up the rate of dissolving as it helps in distributing the solute
particles throughout the solvent.
Stirring
energy is released into the surrounding as heat.
Exothermic
energy is absorbed from the surrounding.
Endothermic
Carbohydrates
are organic compounds made up of?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
are organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
Carbohydrates
They are commonly found as sugars, starches, and cellulose in organisms.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates serve as a?
primary source of energy for cells.
are one of the major classes of biomolecules, and they are fundamental to life. They are organic compounds composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms
Carbohydrates
Glucose can be rapidly used by cells to produce energy through a process called “?”
cellular respiration.
carbohydrates are broken down during digestion into simpler sugars, such as “?”
glucose.
Excess glucose that is not immediately needed for energy is stored in the form of “?”
glycogen in the liver and muscles.
When energy demands increase glycogen can be broken down into “?”
glucose and released into the bloodstream to maintain blood sugar levels and provide energy.
Some carbohydrates, particularly “?” are not digestible by humans.
dietary fiber
A type of carbohydrate that is found in the exoskeletons of insects and other arthropods, providing strength and protection.
Chitin
What is the difference between simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates?
Simple Carbohydrates: are quickly absorbed or digest and provide a rapid source of energy.
Complex Carbohydrates take longer to break down or digest and provide sustained energy.
take longer to break down or digest and provide sustained energy.
Complex carbohydrates
are quickly absorbed or digest and provide a rapid source of energy.
Simple carbohydrates
”?” are essential and versatile biomolecules found in all living organisms
Proteins
”?” serve as the building blocks and structural components of cells and tissues.
Proteins
They provide structural support and stability to cells, tissues, and organs.
Proteins
Proteins act as biological catalysts, known as “?”
enzymes
”?” are involved in processes like digestion, metabolism, and DNA replication.
Enzymes
Some proteins, such as “?” are responsible for transporting molecules within the body.
hemoglobin
carries oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and returns carbon dioxide to the lungs for exhalation.
Hemoglobin
Are specialized proteins produced by the immune system to recognize and neutralize foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens.
Antibodies
They play a crucial role in the body’s defense against infections.
Antibodies
regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose by cells. Certain proteins, like “?”, function as hormones that regulate various physiological processes.
insulin
Proteins like “?” are essential for muscle contraction.
These proteins enable muscle fibers to contract and generate movement.
actin and myosin
Some proteins serve as “?”, such as ferritin, which stores iron in cells until it is needed for various metabolic processes.
storage molecules
Are macromolecules made out of fatty acid monomers
lipids
”?” are a diverse group of organic molecules that play essential roles in living organisms.
Lipids
They are characterized by their hydrophobic (water-repelling) nature, which distinguishes them from other biological molecules like carbohydrates and proteins.
lipids
They store more energy per gram than carbohydrates or proteins. When the body needs energy, it can break down “?” to release it.
they are crucial for building cell membranes.
Lipids
they are crucial for building cell membranes.
Lipids
The pH of blood should be?
7.35 to 7.45
a type of lipid, make up the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. This bilayer provides the structure and barrier necessary for the cell to function.
Phospholipids
Lipids aid in the “?”
absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) in the digestive system.
Lipids in the form of adipose tissue (body fat) provide insulation to help maintain “?”
body temperature and protect organs by cushioning them.
Lipids such as “?” participate in cell signaling processes, influencing various cellular activities and responses.
sphingolipids and eicosanoids
These are the building blocks of many lipids. They consist of a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end.
Fatty Acids
These are the most common dietary fats. “?” consist of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule. They serve as a major energy storage form in the body.
Triglycerides
Triglycerides: These are the most common dietary fats. Triglycerides consist of “?”. They serve as a major energy storage form in the body.
three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule.
These have a hydrophilic (water-attracting) head and two hydrophobic tails, making them essential for cell membrane structure.
Phospholipids
Phospholipids create a “?”
lipid bilayer that separates the cell’s internal environment from the external one.
Cholesterol is a well-known “?”. Steroids have a characteristic ring structure and play vital roles in membrane fluidity and hormone synthesis.
steroid
These are complexes of lipids and proteins. They transport lipids in the bloodstream because lipids are insoluble in water. Examples include LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and HDL (high-density lipoprotein).
Lipoproteins
These are water-repellent lipids used by many organisms to prevent water loss, protect against environmental factors, and serve as a structural component in some tissues.
Waxes
are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules with critical roles in energy storage, cell structure, hormone production, and various biological processes. They are essential for the proper functioning and maintenance of living organisms.
lipids
”?” are a fundamental class of biomolecules found in all living organisms, playing a central role in the storage, transmission, and expression of genetic information. They are critical for the inheritance of traits from one generation to the next and for the functioning of cells and organisms as a whole.
Nucleic acids
DNA (?) and RNA (?)
deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid
”?” serves as the primary repository of genetic instructions, while “?” is involved in various processes that translate and express this information.
DNA, RNA
A part of the cell that stops cell contents from escaping. And controls substances that are allowed to go in and out of the cell.
Cell membrane
Proteins found in the cell membrane provide?
structural support
Is the control center of the cell.
nucleus
Cell membrane contains a double?
Double layer of phospholipids
Threads of ? Found in the nucleus contain DNA, genetic materials for the cell
chromatine
Is a dense region of RNA (ribo-nucleic acides) and is the site of ribosome formation
Nucleolus
Gell like fluid in the cell. Provides a platform for organelles to operate within the cell
Cytoplasm
Organelle that synthesize protein in the cell
Ribosome
Nucleic envelope and cell membrance. Transfers substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum
(RER)
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
(SER)
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Specialized for receiving molecules that are secreted by the ER
Golgi apparatus (body)
The main storehouse of respiratory enzymes in the cell.
Mitochondria (powerhouse)
Aerobic respiration occurs in the?
mitochondria
They store water, nutrients and waste products of the cell it gets rid of them
Vacuoles
Formed by golgi bodies. It gets rid of worn and cenile cells and organelles which no longer has benefits.
Lysosome
Plays an important role during cell division
centrosomes
Are found as pairs and move forward the poles (opposite ends) of the cell until it’s time for cell division
centrioles
A photograph or image of a specimen that was taken by the electron microscope.
Electron micrographs
A microscope with a high magnification and resolution, employing electron beams in place of light and using electron lenses
Electron microscope
(?) is produced in mitochondria and chloroplasts
Adenosine Triposhphate (ATP)
(ATP)
Adenosine Triposhphate
The strands of DNA is usually? While the RNA strands are?
Double stranded, single stranded
DNA are usually found in?
Mitochondria, plastids, nucleus.
RNA is usually found in?
Nucleus and cytosols
They help in metabolism and provide as a structural support and by acting as enzymes.
proteins
An organic molecule that is made up of a basic amino group (-NH2), an acidic carboxyl group
(-COOH), and an organic R group (or side chain) that is unique to each amino acid
Amino acid
A chemical brokendown of a compound due to reaction of water.
Hydrolysis
The process of joining two molecules, or compounds, together following the removal of water.
Dehydration synthesis
A covalent bond formed by joining the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the group of another, with the removal of a molecule of water.
Peptide bond
Proteins are molecules made out of?
Amino acids
Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together and creates surface tension.
cohesion
When hydrogen bonds in water allow water molecules to be held to another substance
adhesion
Is typically the chemical species being observed in a chemical reaction, which reacts with a reagent to generate a product. In synthetic and organic chemistry, this is the chemical of interest that is being modified
Substrate
Is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction
Active site
Is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reation.
Induced fit
A substance that can be added to a reaction to increase the reaction rate without getting consumed in the process. Enzymes are proteins that act as “?” in biochemical reactions.
Catalyst
A type of protein made by your pancreas, an organ located near your stomach. It helps your body digest fats. It’s normal to have a small amount of “?” in your blood.
Lipase
Is an enzyme responsible for converting starches into the sugar maltose, which are a disaccharide. this enzyme is present in saliva.
Amalyse
Are enzymes that break the peptide bond that joins amino acids together in proteins.
Protease
Enzymes can function both (?) cells and (?) cells
Inside of cells (Intracellular) and outside of cells (extracellular)
Enzyme A (Acidic) is found in (?). And Enzyme B (Alkaline) is found in (?)
(Acidic) found in the digestive enzyme of the stomach. (Alkaline) is found in other parts of the body except stomach.
A pancreatic enzyme that catalysis the breakdown of fats to fatty acids and glycerol or other alcohols.
Lipase
Are structures within living cell that contatin genetic meterial
Chromosomes.
