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TFN > Analec midterms review > Flashcards

Analec midterms review Flashcards

1
Q

The four basic tissue types:

A

> epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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2
Q

The microscopic study of tissue structure is called?

A

histology.

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3
Q

covers external and internal surfaces throughout the body.

A

Epithelium

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4
Q
  • Epithelium may consist of a single layer of (?) or multiple layers of (?)between the free surface and the basement membrane.
A

epithelial cells

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5
Q

One example of the function of the epithelium

A

The epithelium of the skin acts as a barrier to water and reduces water loss from the body. The epithelium of the skin also prevents many toxic molecules and microorganisms from entering the body.

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6
Q

The cell membranes of certain epithelial tissues contain (?) that regulate the absorption of materials.

A

carrier proteins

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7
Q

consists of a single layer of cells

A

Simple epithelium

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8
Q

consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells,

A

Stratified epithelium

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9
Q

modification of simple

A

Pseudostratified columnar

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10
Q

modification of stratified

A

Transitional

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11
Q

(flat, nuclei appear as bumps)

A

Squamous

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12
Q

(Cubed shaped cells)

A

Cuboidal

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13
Q

(Tall and narrow cells)

A

Columnar

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14
Q

is a clear, viscous (thick) fluid. The mucus protects the lining of the intestine, and the digestive enzymes complete the process of digesting food

A

Mucus

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15
Q

(?) lines some glands and ducts, the auditory tubes, and some of the airways, such as the nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi.

A

Pseudostratifiedcolumnar epithelium

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16
Q

(?) secretes mucus, which covers its free surface

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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17
Q

A (?) is a structure that secretes substances onto a surface, into a cavity, or into the blood.

A

gland

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18
Q

(ducts are lined with epithelium)

A

Exocrine Gland

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19
Q

respiratory system secretes mucus

A

Goblet cells

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20
Q

water-producing sweat gland

A

Merocrine Glands

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21
Q

milk-producing mammary gland, organic substances

A

Apocrine Glands

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22
Q

sebaceous (oil) gland

A

Holocrine Glands

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23
Q

have no ducts and empty their secretions into the blood. These secretions, called hormones are carried by the blood to other parts of the body.

A

Endocrine glands

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24
Q

is found throughout the body. It is usually characterized by large amounts of extracellular material that separates cells from one another. The extracellular material, or extracellular matrix), has

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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25
Q

The extracellular material, or extracellular matrix)

A

(1) protein fibers,
(2) ground substance consisting of nonfibrous protein and other molecules, and
(3) fluid

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26
Q

Protein fibers:

A

collagen, reticular, elastic fiber

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27
Q

resembles microscopic ropes, flexible but resist stretching

A

Collagen

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28
Q

very fine, short collagen fibers

A

Reticular

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29
Q

similar to a coiled metal bed springs, ability to recoil to its original shape

A

Elastic

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30
Q

Osteoblasts

A

form bone

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31
Q

osteocytes

A

maintain bone

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32
Q

break down bone.

A

osteoclasts

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33
Q

Cells whose names contain the suffix -blast (germ)

A

produce the matrix

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34
Q

cells ending in -cyte (cell)

A

maintain it

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35
Q

cells ending in -clast

A

break it down for remodeling.

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36
Q

Bones: hard connective tissue, consists of (?) and (?).

A

living cells and mineralized matrix.

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37
Q

has spaces (end of long bones)
(shaft of long bones)

A

Cancellous or spongy bones

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38
Q

without spaces (shaft of long bones)

A

Compact bones

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39
Q

forms in the embryo, 3ʳᵈ-4ᵗʰ week

A

Embryonic connective tissue (mesenchyme)

40
Q

forms in 8 weeks of development

A

Adult connective tissue

41
Q

cells are closely packed together

A

Adipose tissue

42
Q

has large amount of collagen

A

Hyaline cartilage

43
Q

thicker collagen fibers,( joint, knee, jaw, between vertebra)

A

Fibrocartilage

44
Q

external ears, epiglottis, auditory tube

A

Elastic cartilage

45
Q

liquid matrix, carry food, oxygen, waste products and other materials

A

Blood

46
Q

found in bone marrow

A

Hemopoeitic tissue

47
Q

In children -produce blood cells

A

Red marrow

48
Q

adult-does not produce bone marrow

A

Yellow marrow

49
Q

Types of bone marrow:

A

Red marrow, Yellow marrow

50
Q

contracts or shorten with a force, responsible for movement

A

MUSCLE TISSUE

51
Q

3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

52
Q

Forms in the brain, spinal cord and nerves. it is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities

A

Nervous tissue

53
Q

where action potentials originate

A

Axon

54
Q

support cells of nervous system
>nourish, protect, insulate the neurons

A

Neuroglia

55
Q

occurs when tissues are damaged or injured. Ex. Virus infect, common cold

A

INFLAMMATION

56
Q

redness, heat, swelling, pain, disturbance of function

A

Manifestations

57
Q

Substitution of viable cells for dead cells through regeneration or replacement

A

TISSUE REPAIR

58
Q

new cell of same type were destroyed and restored

A

Regeneration

59
Q

new type of tissue develops, causes scar production

A

Replacement

60
Q

consists of the skin and accessory structures : hair, glands, and nails.)

A

The integumentary system

61
Q

Function of integumentary system

A

Functions:
1. Protection (abrasion, microorganisms, bacteria)
2. Sensation
3. Vitamin D production
4. Temperature regulation
5. Excretion

62
Q

The (?) is the most superficial layer of skin. It is a layer of epithelial tissue that rests on the dermis a layer of dense connective tissue .

A

epidermis

63
Q

The (?) prevents water loss and resists abrasion the cells change shape and chemical composition.

A

epidermis

64
Q

The cells change shape and chemical composition. This process is called (?) because the cells become filled with the protein called (?) which makes them hard.

A

keratinization, keratin

65
Q

Five layers (strata) of epidermis in order

A
  1. Stratum Corneum
  2. Stratum Lucidum
  3. Stratum Granulosum
  4. Stratum Spinosum
  5. Sratum Basale – deepest layer
66
Q

the most superficial stratum of the epidermis. consists of dead squamous cells filled with keratin. Keratin gives the stratum corneum its structural strength.

A

Stratum Corneum

67
Q

The thickness of the epidermis and (?) varies, depending on location, but on average the (?) is 10 to 20 times thicker than the epidermis.

A

dermis

68
Q

Dermis layers:

A
  1. papillary layer
  2. dermal papillae
  3. Pacinian corpuscles
    4.reticular layer
69
Q

The upper part of the dermis has projections called (?) which extend toward the epidermis .

A

dermal papillae

70
Q

The (?) contain many blood vessels that supply the overlying epidermis with nutrients, remove waste products, and help regulate body temperature.

A

dermal papillae

71
Q

The (?) in the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, and the tips of the digits are arranged in parallel, curving ridges that shape the overlying epidermis into fingerprints and footprints. The ridges increase friction and improve the grip of the hands and feet.

A

dermal papillae

72
Q

The skin rests on the (?) under the skin tissue, which is a layer of connective tissue.
The (?) is not part of the skin, but it does connect the skin to underlying muscle or bone. Contains approximately half the body’s stored fat, function as source of energy, insulation, and padding.

A

subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)

73
Q

is the group of pigments primarily responsible for skin, hair, and eye color. Most melanin molecules are brown to black pigments, but some are yellowish or reddish.

A

Melanin

74
Q

Inability to produce tyrosinase, resulting in the absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes

A

ALBINISM

75
Q

Is injury to a tissue caused by heat, cold, friction, chemicals, electricity, or radiation.

A

Burn

76
Q

only the epidermis is affected, heal in 1 week

A

1ˢᵗ degree burn

77
Q

damage the epidermis and dermis, heal in 2 weeks

A

2ⁿᵈ degree burn

78
Q

epidermis and dermis are completely damaged, deeper tissue

A

3ʳᵈ degree burn

79
Q

SKIN CANCERS

A
  1. Basal Carcinoma: involves in stratum basale
    >treatable
  2. Squamous carcinoma: superficial to stratum basale
    > can metastasize
  3. Malignant melanoma: often fatal
80
Q

Skin cancer that’s treatable

A

Basal Carcinoma: involves in stratum basale

81
Q

Skin cancer that can metastasize

A

Squamous carcinoma

82
Q

Skin cancer that’s often fatal

A

Malignant melanoma

83
Q

Nervous tissue contains of (?) and (?)

A

Neurons and support cells

84
Q

The (?) or (?) is responsible for conducting action potentials

A

Neuron or nerve cell

85
Q

explain Tissue and aging.

A

Decrease in the number of neurons and muscle cells. Rate of healing is different in young, middle-aged and older people. Reduced visual acuity, smell, taste, hearing. Cells divide more slowly, collagen irregular in structure, reduced elasticity of the connective tissues

86
Q

Explain the function of the epidermis

A
  • The epidermis prevents water loss and resists abrasion the cells change shape and chemical composition.
  • The cells change shape and chemical composition. This process is called keratinization because the cells become filled with the protein keratin which makes them hard.
87
Q

Explain the dermal papillae

A
  • The upper part of the dermis has projections called dermal papillae which extend toward the epidermis .
    The dermal papillae contain many blood vessels that supply the overlying epidermis with nutrients, remove waste products, and help regulate body temperature.
88
Q

2 major glands of the skin

A

Sebaceous gland, Sweat gland

89
Q

(?) are located in almost every part of the skin but most numerous in the palms and soles. They produce a secretion that is mostly water with a few salts.

A

Eccrine glands

90
Q

(?) become active at puberty because of the influence of sex hormones. The organic secretion, which is quickly broken down by bacteria into substances responsible for what is commonly known as body odor.

A

Apocrine sweat glands

91
Q

Apocrine sweat glands can be found in the?

A

armpits and genitalia.

92
Q

ave. nail growth per day is?

A

0.5-1.2 mm /day

93
Q

ave hair growth per day is?

A

0.3mm

94
Q

these are connected by a duct to the superficial part of a hair follicle. They produce sebum, an oily, white substance rich in lipids.

A

Sebaceous glands

95
Q

Sweat glands
>Eccrine glands are located in almost every part of the skin but most numerous in the palms and soles. They produce a secretion that is mostly water with a few salts.

A

TFN (31 decks)

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