Analec midterms review Flashcards
The four basic tissue types:
> epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
The microscopic study of tissue structure is called?
histology.
covers external and internal surfaces throughout the body.
Epithelium
- Epithelium may consist of a single layer of (?) or multiple layers of (?)between the free surface and the basement membrane.
epithelial cells
One example of the function of the epithelium
The epithelium of the skin acts as a barrier to water and reduces water loss from the body. The epithelium of the skin also prevents many toxic molecules and microorganisms from entering the body.
The cell membranes of certain epithelial tissues contain (?) that regulate the absorption of materials.
carrier proteins
consists of a single layer of cells
Simple epithelium
consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells,
Stratified epithelium
modification of simple
Pseudostratified columnar
modification of stratified
Transitional
(flat, nuclei appear as bumps)
Squamous
(Cubed shaped cells)
Cuboidal
(Tall and narrow cells)
Columnar
is a clear, viscous (thick) fluid. The mucus protects the lining of the intestine, and the digestive enzymes complete the process of digesting food
Mucus
(?) lines some glands and ducts, the auditory tubes, and some of the airways, such as the nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi.
Pseudostratifiedcolumnar epithelium
(?) secretes mucus, which covers its free surface
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
A (?) is a structure that secretes substances onto a surface, into a cavity, or into the blood.
gland
(ducts are lined with epithelium)
Exocrine Gland
respiratory system secretes mucus
Goblet cells
water-producing sweat gland
Merocrine Glands
milk-producing mammary gland, organic substances
Apocrine Glands
sebaceous (oil) gland
Holocrine Glands
have no ducts and empty their secretions into the blood. These secretions, called hormones are carried by the blood to other parts of the body.
Endocrine glands
is found throughout the body. It is usually characterized by large amounts of extracellular material that separates cells from one another. The extracellular material, or extracellular matrix), has
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
The extracellular material, or extracellular matrix)
(1) protein fibers,
(2) ground substance consisting of nonfibrous protein and other molecules, and
(3) fluid
Protein fibers:
collagen, reticular, elastic fiber
resembles microscopic ropes, flexible but resist stretching
Collagen
very fine, short collagen fibers
Reticular
similar to a coiled metal bed springs, ability to recoil to its original shape
Elastic
Osteoblasts
form bone
osteocytes
maintain bone
break down bone.
osteoclasts
Cells whose names contain the suffix -blast (germ)
produce the matrix
cells ending in -cyte (cell)
maintain it
cells ending in -clast
break it down for remodeling.
Bones: hard connective tissue, consists of (?) and (?).
living cells and mineralized matrix.
has spaces (end of long bones)
(shaft of long bones)
Cancellous or spongy bones
without spaces (shaft of long bones)
Compact bones
forms in the embryo, 3ʳᵈ-4ᵗʰ week
Embryonic connective tissue (mesenchyme)
forms in 8 weeks of development
Adult connective tissue
cells are closely packed together
Adipose tissue
has large amount of collagen
Hyaline cartilage
thicker collagen fibers,( joint, knee, jaw, between vertebra)
Fibrocartilage
external ears, epiglottis, auditory tube
Elastic cartilage
liquid matrix, carry food, oxygen, waste products and other materials
Blood
found in bone marrow
Hemopoeitic tissue
In children -produce blood cells
Red marrow
adult-does not produce bone marrow
Yellow marrow
Types of bone marrow:
Red marrow, Yellow marrow
contracts or shorten with a force, responsible for movement
MUSCLE TISSUE
3 types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
Forms in the brain, spinal cord and nerves. it is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities
Nervous tissue
where action potentials originate
Axon
support cells of nervous system
>nourish, protect, insulate the neurons
Neuroglia
occurs when tissues are damaged or injured. Ex. Virus infect, common cold
INFLAMMATION
redness, heat, swelling, pain, disturbance of function
Manifestations
Substitution of viable cells for dead cells through regeneration or replacement
TISSUE REPAIR
new cell of same type were destroyed and restored
Regeneration
new type of tissue develops, causes scar production
Replacement
consists of the skin and accessory structures : hair, glands, and nails.)
The integumentary system
Function of integumentary system
Functions:
1. Protection (abrasion, microorganisms, bacteria)
2. Sensation
3. Vitamin D production
4. Temperature regulation
5. Excretion
The (?) is the most superficial layer of skin. It is a layer of epithelial tissue that rests on the dermis a layer of dense connective tissue .
epidermis
The (?) prevents water loss and resists abrasion the cells change shape and chemical composition.
epidermis
The cells change shape and chemical composition. This process is called (?) because the cells become filled with the protein called (?) which makes them hard.
keratinization, keratin
Five layers (strata) of epidermis in order
- Stratum Corneum
- Stratum Lucidum
- Stratum Granulosum
- Stratum Spinosum
- Sratum Basale – deepest layer
the most superficial stratum of the epidermis. consists of dead squamous cells filled with keratin. Keratin gives the stratum corneum its structural strength.
Stratum Corneum
The thickness of the epidermis and (?) varies, depending on location, but on average the (?) is 10 to 20 times thicker than the epidermis.
dermis
Dermis layers:
- papillary layer
- dermal papillae
- Pacinian corpuscles
4.reticular layer
The upper part of the dermis has projections called (?) which extend toward the epidermis .
dermal papillae
The (?) contain many blood vessels that supply the overlying epidermis with nutrients, remove waste products, and help regulate body temperature.
dermal papillae
The (?) in the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, and the tips of the digits are arranged in parallel, curving ridges that shape the overlying epidermis into fingerprints and footprints. The ridges increase friction and improve the grip of the hands and feet.
dermal papillae
The skin rests on the (?) under the skin tissue, which is a layer of connective tissue.
The (?) is not part of the skin, but it does connect the skin to underlying muscle or bone. Contains approximately half the body’s stored fat, function as source of energy, insulation, and padding.
subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)
is the group of pigments primarily responsible for skin, hair, and eye color. Most melanin molecules are brown to black pigments, but some are yellowish or reddish.
Melanin
Inability to produce tyrosinase, resulting in the absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes
ALBINISM
Is injury to a tissue caused by heat, cold, friction, chemicals, electricity, or radiation.
Burn
only the epidermis is affected, heal in 1 week
1ˢᵗ degree burn
damage the epidermis and dermis, heal in 2 weeks
2ⁿᵈ degree burn
epidermis and dermis are completely damaged, deeper tissue
3ʳᵈ degree burn
SKIN CANCERS
- Basal Carcinoma: involves in stratum basale
>treatable - Squamous carcinoma: superficial to stratum basale
> can metastasize - Malignant melanoma: often fatal
Skin cancer that’s treatable
Basal Carcinoma: involves in stratum basale
Skin cancer that can metastasize
Squamous carcinoma
Skin cancer that’s often fatal
Malignant melanoma
Nervous tissue contains of (?) and (?)
Neurons and support cells
The (?) or (?) is responsible for conducting action potentials
Neuron or nerve cell
explain Tissue and aging.
Decrease in the number of neurons and muscle cells. Rate of healing is different in young, middle-aged and older people. Reduced visual acuity, smell, taste, hearing. Cells divide more slowly, collagen irregular in structure, reduced elasticity of the connective tissues
Explain the function of the epidermis
- The epidermis prevents water loss and resists abrasion the cells change shape and chemical composition.
- The cells change shape and chemical composition. This process is called keratinization because the cells become filled with the protein keratin which makes them hard.
Explain the dermal papillae
- The upper part of the dermis has projections called dermal papillae which extend toward the epidermis .
The dermal papillae contain many blood vessels that supply the overlying epidermis with nutrients, remove waste products, and help regulate body temperature.
2 major glands of the skin
Sebaceous gland, Sweat gland
(?) are located in almost every part of the skin but most numerous in the palms and soles. They produce a secretion that is mostly water with a few salts.
Eccrine glands
(?) become active at puberty because of the influence of sex hormones. The organic secretion, which is quickly broken down by bacteria into substances responsible for what is commonly known as body odor.
Apocrine sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands can be found in the?
armpits and genitalia.
ave. nail growth per day is?
0.5-1.2 mm /day
ave hair growth per day is?
0.3mm
these are connected by a duct to the superficial part of a hair follicle. They produce sebum, an oily, white substance rich in lipids.
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
>Eccrine glands are located in almost every part of the skin but most numerous in the palms and soles. They produce a secretion that is mostly water with a few salts.
