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STEP1 > Review Questions > Flashcards

Review Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Where is Virchow’s node located?

A

left supraclavicular nodes

could indicate gastric cancer

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2
Q

What are the treatments for acute and chronic gout?

A

Acute: NSAIDs (indomethacin), corticosteroids, colchicine
Chronic: allopurinol, febuxostat, probenecid, colchicine, NSAIDs

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3
Q

What is the common triad for sjogren syndrome?

A

xeropthalmia
xerostomia
arthritis

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4
Q

What is the difference b/w polymyositis and polymyalgia rheumatica?

A

polymyositis: weakness of muscles, increased CK and aldolase, (+) ANA (+) Anti-Jo-1
polymyalgia rheumatica: no weakness, just joint pain. Normal CK & ALdolase

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5
Q

What is wrong in myasthenia gravis? Which meds are used to treat it?

A

acetylcholine receptors are attacked by autoantibodies
increase ACh to treat it via acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
pyridostigmine & physostigmine
diagnosed via echothiophate

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6
Q 
Embryo origin of the following
smooth part of L & R ventricles
Smooth part of RA
Trabeculated L & R atria
Trabeculated L & R Ventricles
A

smooth part of L & R ventricles: bulbus cordis
Smooth part of RA: R horn sinus venosus
Smooth part of LA: Primitive pulmonary vein
Trabeculated L & R atria: primitive atrium
Trabeculated L & R Ventricles: primitive ventricles
L horn of sinus venosus–>coronary sinus
R common cardinal vein and R anterior cardinal vein–>SVC

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7
Q

Which bacteria secrete enterotoxins?

A 
ETEC
Shigella
Yersinia
S. aureus
V. cholera
Clostridium
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8
Q

What is Charcot’s neurological triad? What is it indicative of?

A 
Multiple Sclerosis
SIIN
Scanning Speech
Intention tremor
Incontinence
Internuclear opthalmoplegia
nystagmus
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9
Q

What is subacute endocarditis? Which organisms are most likely to cause this?

A

subacute–endocarditis w/ small vegetations on congenitally malformed valves or diseased valves
Mainly think viridans strep
also think enterococci and s. epidermis (usually prosthetic valves tho)

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10
Q

What is this?
Obligate anaerobe
Gram +
Spore-forming ROd

A

Clostridium

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11
Q

Why can’t aminoglycosides be used for gram + anaerobes? What are they used for?

A

require O2 to be taken into the cell

used for gram neg.

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12
Q

What can fight gram + anaerobes?

A

metronidazole

clindamycin

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13
Q

What does MPTP exposure do?

A

depletes dopamine in substantia nigra

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14
Q

Hemiballismus is caused by a lesion where?

A

contralateral subthalamic nucleus

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15
Q

Which enzyme used in DNA replication has 5->3’ polymerase activity, as well as 3’-5’ exonuclease activity and 5’-3’ exonuclease activity?

A

DNA pol I

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16
Q

What does alkaline phosphatase activity reflect?

A

osteoblastic activity

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17
Q

Which markers reflex osteoclastic activity?

A

urinary deoxypyridinoline
urinary hydroxyproline
tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase

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18
Q

What runs with the posterior circumflex artery?

A

axillary nerve

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19
Q

What runs w/ the deep brachial artery?

A

radial nerve

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20
Q

What runs w/ the brachial artery?

A

median nerve

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21
Q

What is albuminocytologic dissociation?

A

cell count normal.
protein high
Seen in Guillan Barre Syndrome

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22
Q

Give 4 causes of a rash on the palms and soles.

A

secondary syphilis
rocky mountain spotted fever
coxsackie A virus
kawasaki dx

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23
Q

What are lichtenburg figures?

A

dermatologic pattern indicative of a lightning strike

see branching redness on skin where the electric current traveled

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24
Q

Most antipsychotics act on which receptor? What about clozapine?

A

most–D2.

clozapine–acts on D4.

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25
Q

Derivatives of the 3rd aortic arch?

A

common carotid

proximal part of the internal carotid

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26
Q

Derivatives of the 4th aortic arch?

A

L part: aortic arch

R part: proximal part of the R subclavian artery

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27
Q

Derivatives of the 6th aortic arch?

A

proximal pulmonary arteries

ductus arteriosus

28
Q

What is the flow of aqueous humor?

A

made by ciliary bodies–>posterior chamber–>thru angle by iris and lens–>anterior chamber–>reabsorbed by canal of schlemm

29
Q

What is the MOA of metoclopramide?

A

inhibits D2, stimulates 5-HT receptors

stimulates GI motility, good for gastroparesis

30
Q

What are the symptoms of serotonin syndrome ?

A

muscle rigidity
hyperthermia
cardiovascular collapse (autonomic instability)

31
Q

What are the risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma?

A 
Hep B, C
hemochromatosis
alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
hepatic adenoma-OCP
cirrhosis
32
Q

Damage to R optic nerve prior to pretectal nucleus. What happens?

A

Afferent Defect
R eye light–>no constriction of either eye. Info can’t get to pretectal nucleus to message the edinger westphal nucleus

L eye light–> constriction of both eyes. as long as it gets to the pretectal nucleus, both eyes should respond.

33
Q

What are the features of neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

A

muscle rigidity–>myoglobinuria and hyperpyrexia
delirium, mental status changes
autonomic instability-tachycardia

treat w/ dantrolene, inhibits Ca++ release from SR in skeletal muscle, relaxation

34
Q

What are the HTN meds used to treat aortic dissection?

A

beta blockers

35
Q

What are some causes of ARDS that might not be so obvious?

A

Heroin OD
acute pancreatitis
high conc’n O2 for long periods of time.

36
Q

Which anti-HTN drugs act on MLCK to decrease BP?

A

dihydropyridine
epinephrine
prostaglandin E2

37
Q

What are the acute phase cytokines?

A

IL-1
IL-6
TNFalpha

38
Q

What are the tumor markers for pancreatic cancer?

A

CA 19-9

CEA: also elevated in gastric cancer

39
Q

What are the 2 nervous tissue bundles in the GI tract ?

A

Meissner’s plexus: submucosa

Auerbach/Myenteric plexus: b/w 2 layers of the mucsularis mucosa

40
Q

Which dx targets the destruction of the anterior horn of the spinal cord?

A

Polio
West Nile Virus
ALS
Werdnig-Hoffman (spinal musculodystrophy)

41
Q

What is the treatment for nephrogenic DI?

A

possible cause: Lithium
HCTZ
amiloride (to inhibit lithium)
indomethacin to decrease renal blood flow

42
Q

Does alkalosis mean high extracellular K+ or low?

A

alKaLosis
K+ low extracellulary
b/c H+ being pushed into serum as K+ is pushed into cells.

43
Q

What is the Z score for 99% confidence interval? 95%?

A

99%: 2.5

95%: 2

44
Q

What are some causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A 
sarcoidosis
amyloidosis
hemochromatosis
Loeffler disease
endocardial fibroelastosis
post-radiation fibrosis
45
Q

Which substance inhibits RNA pol II in eukaryotes?

A

Death cap mushroom

alpha-amantin

46
Q

What does WAGR complex stand for?

A

complications of a Wilms tumor, seen in children
A-aniridia (congenital absence of the iris)
genitourinary malformations
Retardation (mental and motor)

47
Q

What is the change to BMP that you see w/ status asthmatics patients?

A

they are on beta agonists
get hypokalemia, shift of K+ into cells.
maybe think of repolarization?

48
Q

Which vitamin should vegetarians make sure they get supplemented?

A

Vit B12

49
Q

Focal myocardial inflammation w/ multinucleate giant cells?

A

Aschoff bodies, rheumatic fever

50
Q

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic globules near nucleus in liver?

A

Mallory Bodies, Alcoholic Liver

51
Q

Pseudopalisading tumor?

A

glioblastoma

52
Q

What is the cup:disc ratio for glaucoma?

A

> 1:2

53
Q

What are the presenting features of meniere’s disease?

A

vertigo
tinnitus
hearing loss

54
Q

What do signet ring cells signify?

A

gastric adenocarcinoma

55
Q

What does a nutmeg liver signify?

A

R sided heart failure

Budd Chiari

56
Q

Goal a1c for diabetic patient?

A

less than 7

57
Q

What is the MOA of the treatment lactulose?

A

binds up and decreases ammonium levels

good for patients w/ cirrhosis and high ammonium

58
Q

What are painful raised lesions on the finger pads and fever?

A

Osler’s nodes

infective endocarditis

59
Q

Which conditions can cause posterior cervical LAD?

A

EBV-mono
Cat Scratch Dx-Bartonella
Otitis media

60
Q

What stimulates prolactin secretions?

A

TRH

61
Q

Pigmented hamartomas of iris?

A

Lisch nodules

neurofibromatosis

62
Q

Owl’s eye protozoan?

A

Giardia Lamblia

63
Q

Which organism is associated w/ puppy feces?

A

Yersinia

64
Q

Which organism is associated w/ animal urine?

A

leptospira

hantavirus

65
Q

Which diseases can cause strawberry tongue?

A

kawasaki disease
scarlet fever
toxic shock syndrome

66
Q

Which diseases can cause rash on palms and soles?

A

2ndry syphilis
Rocky Mountain SPotted Fever
Coxsackie A virus

STEP1 (54 decks)

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