Endocrine1 Flashcards
Which hormone stimulates bone and muscle growth?
GH
Which hormone stimulates milk production? Milk secretion during lactation?
milk production–>prolactin
milk secretion–>oxytocin
Which hormone increases blood glucose levels and decreases protein synthesis?
glucocorticoids
Where are oxytocin and vasopressin made?
Oxytocin–>released from post pit, but made in hypothalamus paraventricular nucleus
Vasopressin–>released from post pit, but made in hypothalamus supraoptic nucleus
Where is testosterone made?
testes leydig cells-men
ovaries-women
adrenal cortex
What are the different forms of estrogen made?
Estradiol-ovaries
Estriol-placenta
Estrone-fat
Estrogen in men, testes.
Which receptors increase cAMP? Decrease it?
Increased by Gs, Decreased by Gi
Which hormones use cAMP messaging?
FLAT ChAMP calculates 2Gs FSH LH ACTH TSH CRH hCG ADH (V2) MSH PTH calcitonin GHRH glucagon
Which hormones use cGMP messaging?
ANP
BNP
NO (EDRF)
Vasodilators!
Which receptors cause increase in IP3?
Gq
Cutesies HAV1 M&M (M1 & M3)
Which hormones cause increase in IP3?
GOAT HAG GnRH Oxytocin ADH (V1) TRH Histamine (H1) Ang II Gastrin
Which hormones target intracellular steroid receptorS?
Estrogen/Progesterone/Testosterone Glucocorticoids Aldosterone Thyroid hormone Vit D
Which hormones use intrinsic tyrosine kinase receptors?
MAP kinase pathway growth factors! Insulin IGF-1 FGF PDGF EGF
Which hormones use receptor-associated tyrosine kinase receptors?
JAK/STAT pathway PIGGlET Prolactin Immunomodulators (cytokines) GH G-CSF EPO THrombopoietin
What are some dopamine antagonists that can cause hyperprolactinemia?
antipsychotics (haloperidol, risperidone)
domperidone
metoclopramide
Where is somatostatin produced?
delta cells of pancreas
D cells of GI
nervous system
What are some somatostatin analogs?
octreotide
somatostatin LAR
lanreotide P
What are some indications for somatostatin analogs?
pituitary excess: acromegaly, thyrotropinoma, ACTH-secreting tumors
GI endocrine excess: zollinger-ellison syndrome, carcinoid syndrome, VIPoma, glucagonoma, insulinoma
diarrheal dx
Portal HTN: if you wanna reduce splanchnic circulation
bleeding peptic ulcers
What is Sheehan syndrome?
postpartum hemorrhage that leads to decreased blood flow to pituitary gland and partial infarction
decreased pituitary hormones released
get a galactorrhea, amenorrhea, fatigue, cold intolerance, weight gain
What is empty sella syndrome?
where the pituitary gland isn’t sitting in the sella turcica where it should be
still some pituitary tissue left around…so usu asymptomatic
but if decreased pituitary hormones–associated symptoms
What are the hormones released from the ant pit?
FLAT PIG FSH LH ACTH TSH Prolactin Intermediate lobe-MSH GH
What are the 2 secreting cell types found in the ant pit?
acidophils
basophils
What is secreted from the basophils?
B-FLAT
basophils–FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
What is secreted from the acidophils?
PiG
prolactin
GH
What is the embryological origin of the ant pit and post pit?
ant pit: Rathke’s pouch, ectodermal diverticulum
post pit: neuroectoderm, invagination of the hypothalamus
Which substances stimulate release of ADH?
Nicotine, opiates
Which substances inhibit release of ADH?
EtOH, ANF, decreased serum osmolarity
What is the downstream hormone of GH that is measured in suspected cases of acromegaly?
IGF-1
What increases GH release?
GHRH exercise sleep puberty hypoglycemia estrogen stress endogenous opioids
What decreases GH release?
Somatostatin Somatomedins obesity pregnancy hyperglycemia
Why is GH considered the opposite of insulin?
GH increases w/ hypoglycemia
prevents glucose uptake by cells
How do you diagnose and treat acromegaly? Childhood version?
Childhood version-gigantism. Worry about the poor heart.
Diagnose: Look at increased IGF-1 levels. Glucose tolerance test still high GH levels (should have been suppressed)
Treat: somatostatin analog: octreotide, pegvisomant (GH receptor antagonist)
