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STEP1 > Endocrine1 > Flashcards

Endocrine1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which hormone stimulates bone and muscle growth?

A

GH

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2
Q

Which hormone stimulates milk production? Milk secretion during lactation?

A

milk production–>prolactin

milk secretion–>oxytocin

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3
Q

Which hormone increases blood glucose levels and decreases protein synthesis?

A

glucocorticoids

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4
Q

Where are oxytocin and vasopressin made?

A

Oxytocin–>released from post pit, but made in hypothalamus paraventricular nucleus

Vasopressin–>released from post pit, but made in hypothalamus supraoptic nucleus

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5
Q

Where is testosterone made?

A

testes leydig cells-men
ovaries-women
adrenal cortex

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6
Q

What are the different forms of estrogen made?

A

Estradiol-ovaries
Estriol-placenta
Estrone-fat

Estrogen in men, testes.

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7
Q

Which receptors increase cAMP? Decrease it?

A

Increased by Gs, Decreased by Gi

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8
Q

Which hormones use cAMP messaging?

A 
FLAT ChAMP calculates 2Gs
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
CRH
hCG
ADH (V2)
MSH
PTH
calcitonin
GHRH
glucagon
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9
Q

Which hormones use cGMP messaging?

A

ANP
BNP
NO (EDRF)
Vasodilators!

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10
Q

Which receptors cause increase in IP3?

A

Gq

Cutesies HAV1 M&M (M1 & M3)

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11
Q

Which hormones cause increase in IP3?

A 
GOAT HAG
GnRH
Oxytocin
ADH (V1)
TRH
Histamine (H1)
Ang II
Gastrin
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12
Q

Which hormones target intracellular steroid receptorS?

A 
Estrogen/Progesterone/Testosterone
Glucocorticoids
Aldosterone
Thyroid hormone
Vit D
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13
Q

Which hormones use intrinsic tyrosine kinase receptors?

A 
MAP kinase pathway
growth factors!
Insulin
IGF-1
FGF
PDGF
EGF
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14
Q

Which hormones use receptor-associated tyrosine kinase receptors?

A 
JAK/STAT pathway
PIGGlET
Prolactin
Immunomodulators (cytokines)
GH
G-CSF
EPO
THrombopoietin
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15
Q

What are some dopamine antagonists that can cause hyperprolactinemia?

A

antipsychotics (haloperidol, risperidone)
domperidone
metoclopramide

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16
Q

Where is somatostatin produced?

A

delta cells of pancreas
D cells of GI
nervous system

17
Q

What are some somatostatin analogs?

A

octreotide
somatostatin LAR
lanreotide P

18
Q

What are some indications for somatostatin analogs?

A

pituitary excess: acromegaly, thyrotropinoma, ACTH-secreting tumors
GI endocrine excess: zollinger-ellison syndrome, carcinoid syndrome, VIPoma, glucagonoma, insulinoma
diarrheal dx
Portal HTN: if you wanna reduce splanchnic circulation
bleeding peptic ulcers

19
Q

What is Sheehan syndrome?

A

postpartum hemorrhage that leads to decreased blood flow to pituitary gland and partial infarction
decreased pituitary hormones released
get a galactorrhea, amenorrhea, fatigue, cold intolerance, weight gain

20
Q

What is empty sella syndrome?

A

where the pituitary gland isn’t sitting in the sella turcica where it should be
still some pituitary tissue left around…so usu asymptomatic
but if decreased pituitary hormones–associated symptoms

21
Q

What are the hormones released from the ant pit?

A 
FLAT PIG
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
Intermediate lobe-MSH
GH
22
Q

What are the 2 secreting cell types found in the ant pit?

A

acidophils

basophils

23
Q

What is secreted from the basophils?

A

B-FLAT

basophils–FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

24
Q

What is secreted from the acidophils?

A

PiG
prolactin
GH

25
Q

What is the embryological origin of the ant pit and post pit?

A

ant pit: Rathke’s pouch, ectodermal diverticulum

post pit: neuroectoderm, invagination of the hypothalamus

26
Q

Which substances stimulate release of ADH?

A

Nicotine, opiates

27
Q

Which substances inhibit release of ADH?

A

EtOH, ANF, decreased serum osmolarity

28
Q

What is the downstream hormone of GH that is measured in suspected cases of acromegaly?

A

IGF-1

29
Q

What increases GH release?

A 
GHRH
exercise
sleep
puberty
hypoglycemia
estrogen
stress
endogenous opioids
30
Q

What decreases GH release?

A 
Somatostatin
Somatomedins
obesity
pregnancy
hyperglycemia
31
Q

Why is GH considered the opposite of insulin?

A

GH increases w/ hypoglycemia

prevents glucose uptake by cells

32
Q

How do you diagnose and treat acromegaly? Childhood version?

A

Childhood version-gigantism. Worry about the poor heart.
Diagnose: Look at increased IGF-1 levels. Glucose tolerance test still high GH levels (should have been suppressed)

Treat: somatostatin analog: octreotide, pegvisomant (GH receptor antagonist)

STEP1 (54 decks)

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