Review of General Chemistry Flashcards
Electronegativity
Is ability of an atom to attract electrons
Node
Locations where the value of the wavefunction is zero
Constitutional Isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structre (Different physical properties & different names)
Sigma Bonds
Single bonds between atoms
If difference in electronegativity is less than 0.5 then bonds are what?
Covalent Bonds
What is the strength of bonds?
Single Bond (Weakest) < Double Bond < Triple Bond (Strongest )
SI Unit for dipole moment
10-10 esu or D (debye)
Valence Electrons
Electrons in the outermost shell (Group number also tell how many valence electrons are there)
Lowest Unoccupied molecuar Oribtial (LUMO)
The lowest energy oribital from among the unoccupied oribtials
Molecular Dipole Moment
Net dipole moment of a molecule
Valence Bond Theory
A bond is simply the sharing of electron density between two atoms as a result of the construction interfernce of the atomic orbital
The ______a molecule the more it experience london dispersion forces
Larger
Lone pairs
Unpaired electrons
Quantum Mechanic
Describes electrons as wavelike properties
Atoms bond in way to achieve the electron configuration of what?
Noble gas
Nonpolar compounds are able to dissolve in nonplat solvent because of what?
London Dispersion Forces
Hunds Rule
On electron is placed in an oribital before electrons are paired up
Octect Rule
Explains why certain atoms have certian bonds
Molecular Oribital Theory
A bond in terms of the constructive interference between overlapping atomic oribtials but states atomic oribitals combine to produce new oribitals (Molecular Oribitals)
Constructive Interfernce
Is when two waves become one & produce a wave with a larger amplitude
Bonding Molecular oribital (MO)
The result of constructive interfernce of the original two atomic oritbials (lower energy)
Reaction occur as a result of what?
Motion of electrons
Degenerate Oribitals
Oribitals with the same energy level
Convalent Bonds
Two atoms showing a pair of electrons
Polar compounds are to dissovle in polar solvent due to what?
If the difference between electronegativity is greater than 1.7 then bonds are _____
Ionic Bonds
Compounds with _______ can either attract each other or repel each other depending on their position in space
Net Dipole Moments
What is the order of bond length?
Triple Bond (Shortest) < Double Bond < Single Bond (Longest)
Aufbau Principle
Lowest energy oribital filled first
Steric Number
The total number of sigma bonds & lone pairs
The steric number indicates the number of _____ that are _____ each other
Electron Pairs, Repelling each other
Pauli Exclusion Principle
Each oribital can obitain a maximum of two electrons with opposite spins
Molecular Oribtial is associated with an ________
Entire molecule
Covalent Bonds have a ______ difference in electronegativity & Ionic Bonds have a _____ difference in electronegavity
Small, Large
The nucleus of an atom is made up with what?
Protons & neutrons
Electrostatic interactions for neutral molecules (no formal charge) are classifed as what?
- Dipole-Dipole interaction
- Hydrogen Bonding
- Fleeting dipole-dipole interactions
Highest Occupied molecular oribital (HOMO)
The highest energy oribital from among the occupied oribitals
Electrons are lowest in energy when they occupy the _______ oribital
1s (because its closest to the nucleus )
Nonpolar compounds are soluble in what?
Nonpolar compounds
Induction causes the formation of what?
Partial positive & partial negative charges
An atomic oribital is a __________ associated with individual atom
Region of Space
The resulting net attraction between molecules results in an increas ein __________
Melting point & Boiling point
Compounds with higher __________ tend ot have _______ boiling points due to london dispersion-interactions
Higher molecular weight, Higher bioling points
Structural Theory
Each element will form a predictable number of bonds, where to name those bon would be: prefix-valent (Ex Carbon is tetravalent because it has four bonds)
Dipole Moment Equation
M = delta(Charge) x d (distance)
Hydrogen Bonds can affect what?
The physical Properties of a substance
Hydrogen Bonding
When a hydrogen atom connected to an electronegative atom & becomes partial positive charge
If the difference in electronegativity is between 0.5 - 1.7 then bonds are _______
Polar Covalent Bonds
Organic Compounds are center around what atom?
Carbon atoms
Dipole Moment (M)
Used as an indicator of polarity (It is the amount of partial charge on either side of dipole multiplied by the distance of separation )
As you move left on the periodic table electronegativity _________ & as you move upward it __________
Increases, Increases
Induction
Withdrawl of electron toward more electronegative atom
All intermolecuar Forces are ________
Electrostatic - Forces that occur as a result of the attraction between opposity charges
When atomic oribitals overlap, they cause what two types of interfernce?
- Constructive
- Destructive
Physical properties of a compound are determined by the __________
Intermolecular Forces
Atomic Oribital (AO)
Is a region of space defined with respect to the nucleus of a single atom (s,p,d, & f orbitals)
Formal Charge
Is associated with any atom that doesnt exhibit the appropiate number of valence electrons
Constructive Interfernce
Two waves cancel each other out which produces a node
London Dispersion Forces
Type of fleeting dipole-dipole interactions
An Oribital
Is a region os space that can be occupied by an electron
Antibonding Molecular oribital (MO)
The result og destruvtive interfernce (Higher energy level & has a node)
Polar Compounds are soluble in what ?
