Aromatic Compounds Flashcards
Monosubstituted derivatives of benzene are named systematically using __________ as the parent & the substituent as a prefix
Benzene (Ex. Chlorobenzene)
What is the common name of this compound? (monosubstituted compound)
Toluene
What is the common name of this compound? (monosubstituted compound)
Phenol
What is the common name of this compound? (monosubstituted compound)
Anisole
What is the common name of this compound? (monosubstituted compound)
Aniline
What is the common name of this compound? (monosubstituted compound)
Benzoic Acid
What is the common name of this compound? (monosubstituted compound)
Benzaldehyde
What is the common name of this compound? (monosubstituted compound)
Acetophenone
What is the common name of this compound? (monosubstituted compound)
Styrene
If a substituent is larger than the benzene ring, then the benzene ring is treated as a substituent & called __________
Phenyl Group (Ex. 1-phenylheptane)
Dimethyl derivatives of benzene are called ___________
Xylene
What are the 3 constitutionally isomeric xylenes?
- ortho-Xylene
- Meta-Xylene
- Para- Xylene
What is the name of this compound? (Disubstituted methyl compound)
Ortho - Xylene (1,2-dimethylbenzene) (Ortho means 1,2)
What is the name of this compound? (Disubstituted methyl compound)
Meta - Xylene (1,3-dimethylbenzene) (Meta is 1,3)
What is the name of this compound? (Disubstituted methyl compound)
Para - Xylene (1,4-dimethylbenzene) (Para is 1,4)
Ortho, meta, & para can’t be used on aromatic ring that have _______ or more substituent
3 or more
When naming poly substituted benzene ring, we use the same method as naming alkanes but it’s common to use a ____________
Common name (Ex. 3,5,-dibromophenol)
What is the stabilization energy of benzene?
30 KJ/mol
What is the MO theory to explain the stability of Benzene?
- There are six molecular orbitals, each of which is associated with the entire molecule
- 3 of the 6 MOs are bonding MOs, while the other 3 MOs are antibonding MOs
- Since each MO can contain two electrons the 3 bonding MOs can collectively accommodate up to 6 pie electrons
- By occupying the bonding MOs, all 6 pie electron achieve a lower energy state & are said to be delocalized, which is the source of stabilization energy associated with benzene
What is Huckel’s Rule? (4n+2)
Need an odd number of electrons pairs for a compound to be aromatic (or have aromatic stabilization)
What are the steps to the frost circle?
- Draw a circle
- Inscribe a polygon making sure one of the connecting points is at the bottom of the circle
- Draw a horizontal line at each pointof intersection
- Draw a dotted line through the center of the circle & earse the circle
- Identify all the bonding MOs & antibonding MOs (bonding MOs is below the line & antibonding MOs is above the line)
What is the 2 criteria for a compound to be aromatic?
- The compound must obtain a ring comprised of continously overlapping p oribitals
- The number of pie electrons in the ring must be a huckel number
(If a compounds falls number 1 then its nonaromatic)
Compounds that satisfy the 1st criterion but have 4n electrons rather than 4n+2 are what?
Antiaromatic
Annulenes
Are compound consisting of a single containing a fully conjugated pie system
A ________ member ring will be aromatic if it contains 6 pie electrons
Five
For a 5 membered ring to have 6 electrons one of the carbon atoms must have 2 electrons (a carbanion) which the resulting anion is called _______________
Cyclopentadienyl anion (has 5 resonance structures)
In order to have 6 electrons in a 7 membered ring one of the carbon atoms must have an empty p orbital (carbocation) which the resulting ion is called the ___________
Tropylium Cation (has 7 resonance structures)
Heterocycles
Cyclic compounds containing heteroatoms such as S, N, or O
Huckel rules (4n+2) can only be applied to compounds that exhibit a _______ ring of overlapping p orbitals (Monosubstituted compounds)
Single
_______________ are stable (Have a fused benzene like rings)
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) (ex. naphthalene)
Any carbon atom attached directly to a benzene ring is called what?
Benzylic position
When a alkyl benzene has one proton it can be oxidized with chromatic acid to produce __________
Benzoic Acid (only the benzylic position is oxidized)
Free-radical bromination occurs at the __________, the reaction is regioselective
Benzylic Position
Benzylic halides can undergo _________ & __________ reactions
Substitution & Elimination
What are the two ways to introduce a functional group at the benzylic position?
- Oxidation to produce a benzoic acid
- Radical Bromination to produce a benzylic halide that can undergo substitution & elimination reaction
Under forced conditions benzene will react with 3 equivalents of molecular hydrogen to produce _____________
Cyclohexane
With some catalyst & under certain conditions its possible to hydrogenate a _________ group with an aromatic ring
Vinyl
Birch Reduction
States that benzene can be reduced with dissolving metal reduction (Na,CH3OH/NH3) to produce 1,4-cyclohexadiene
What is the mechanism for birch reduction?
- Nucleophilic attack
- Proton transfer
- Nucleophilic attack
- Proton transfer
When an alkyl benzene is treated with birch conditions the carbon atom connected to the alkyl group is not _________
Reduced
When an electron withdrawing group (like a carbonyl group) is used in a birch reaction then the position connected to the group is _________
Reduced
Aromatic compounds produces signals between _________ & _________ cm-1 in IR spectroscopy
1450 & 1600 cm-1
Signal between ____ & ____ ppm represents a proton in an aromatic ring where protons in the benzylic position produces signals at 2-3 ppm in an H NMR spectroscopy
6.5 & 8ppm
An integration of 5 is a ____________ & an integration of 4 is a ___________ in an H NMR spectroscopy
Monosubstituted ring, Disubstituted ring
The carbon of aromatic rings typically produces signal in the range of __________ ppm in a 13C spectrum
100-150ppm
For a ring to be aromatic and have a huckel rule what are the number of pie electrons it can have?
2,6,10,14,18 (4n+2)
What is the name of this structure?
Pyridine
What is the name of this structure?
Pyrrole