review Flashcards
What muscles are involved in inspiration
external intercostal muscles
internal intercostals
diaphragm
What does external intercostal do?
muscles pull the ribs upward and outward
What does internal intercostas
help elevate the ribs
What does diaphragm?
contracts, flattens, and drops enlarging the thoracic cavity
What do lymphatic vessels do?
Have valves to prevent backflow
Move lymph only in one direction, away from the tissues
What is the primary lymphatic organs?
Red bone marrow and the thymus
What does the red bone marrow do?
Site lymphocytes are produced and where B-lymphocytes mature
What does thymus do?
Site where T-lymphocytes mature
What is the secondary lymphatic organs
lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen
What does lymph nodes do?
Filter lymph, contain phagocytes
What do tonsils do?
Contain lymphocytes, guard against pathogens
What does the spleen do?
Contains lymphocytes, stores blood, destroys old red blood cells
What does natural active immunity?
occurs when the body produces antibodies or T cells after being exposed to a particular antigen
What does artificial immunity?
results when the body makes T cells and antibodies against a disease as a result of a vaccination
What is natural passive immunity?
results when a fetus acquires antibodies from the mother through the placenta, or when a baby acquires them through breast-feeding
What is artifical passive immunity
involves obtaining serum from a person or animal that has produced antibodies against a certain pathogen and then injecting it into someone else
What are tonsils?
are masses of lymphoid tissue.
They guard against pathogens entering the body through the nose or throat.
Is the spleen the largest lymphatic organ?
Yes
What pulps does the spleen contain?
White and red pulps
What does the white pulp contain?
lymphocytes
What does the red pulp contain?
erythrocytes and phagocytic cells.
What is the term used to describe the amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled with the deepest possible breath?
Vital capacity
What are the two types of phagocytes?
neutrophils and macrophages
What do neutrophils do?
They roam the body
What do the macrophages do?
Stay in strategic areas of the body
What is the medical term for fever?
Phyrexia
What are 3 types of lymphocytes?
Natural killer cells
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Where do T cells develop?
develop from stem cells in red bone marrow
What are antibodies also called?
immunoglobulins [Ig]
What is an antigen?
any molecule that triggers an immune response.
What is active immunity?
When the body makes its own antibodies or T cells (long lasting)
What is passive immunity
When immunity results from an injection of antibodies from another person or animal (short term
What is celluar immunity?
Destroys pathogens within a cell
What are the 3 classes of celluar immunity?
Cytotoxic T cells, helper t cells and memory cells
What cytotixc T cells do?
Attacks and kills other cells
What does Helper T cells do?
Secrete chemicals to attract neutrophils, NKC and Macrophages, also stimulate production of T and B cells
What do memory T cells do?
Remember the pathogen in case of future infection
What does Celluar (cell-mediated) immunity do?
Focus on destroying foreign cells or infected cells
What does humoral ( cell-meidated) immunity do?
Focus on pathogens outside the cell
does humoral immunity use antibodies to mark it for destruction?
Yes
What is specific immunity?
Directed against a specific pathogen
What are the 2 mechanism of Specific immunity?
Celluar and humoral immunity
What is natural active?
You get the disease
What is Artifical active?
You get vaccinated
What is natural passive
Passed from Mom to Baby through breastfeeding
What is artifical passive
You are given the antibodies to fight the disease
What is systole?
contraction of the heart
What is diastole?
Relaxion of the heart
What are examples of first line defence?
skin, mucous, lyzomine in tears
Second line defence?
non specific immunity
non specific immunity
Phagocytosis
Antimicrobial proteins
Natural killer cells
Inflammation
Fever
Third line of defence called?
Specific immunity
What is specific immunity?
this occurs when the body retains a memory of a pathogen after defeating it.
What are phagocytes?
cells whose sole job is to ingest and destroy microorganisms and other small particles
Mucus, tears, and saliva contain an enzyme called
lysozyme
What does lysozyme do?
destroys bacteria
The two important phagocytes are
neutrophils and macrophages.
The process whereby inflamed cells summon neutrophils is
chemotaxis
The term for fever is
pyrexia
Any molecule that triggers an immune response is called an
antigen
B lymphocytes are responsible for
making antibodies
Inspiratory reserve volume
Amount of extra air that can be inhaled AFTER normal inhalation
Expiratory reserve volume
Amount of extra air that can be exhaled AFTER normal exhalation
Residual volume
Air that remains in lung even after forced expiration (about 1300 mL)
Vital capacity
Amount of air inhaled and exhaled in deepest possible breathing
Total lung capacity
: Maximum amount of air the lings can contain (vital capacity + residual volume)
lub sounds is when
closing of the Av valves
Dub is when
closing of the semilunar valves
What is somatic
– skeletal muscle response
Visceral
involves an organ
P Wave is
Atrial depolorization
QRS complex
Ventricular depolorization
ST segement
end of ventricular deplorization
T wave is
ventricular repolarization
