Module 8- Overview of blood, cardiovascular and respiratory systems Flashcards
What are the main functions and components of blood?
Plasma formed elements, buffy coat
What makes 55% of blood?
Plasma
What makes 45% of blood?
Elements like blood cells, platelets, and erythrocytes
What makes 1% of blood?
Buffy Coat. Elements like leukocytes like white blood cells and platelets which are on top of the red blood cells.
What is plasma?
It is the liquid part of blood.
Where is the heart located?
The heart lies in the thoracic cavity in the mediastinum and sits behind the ribs
What are the names of the upper 2 chambers of the heart?
The two upper chambers are called atriums
What are the names of the lower 2 chambers of the heart?
the two lower chambers are called the ventricles
Why are walls of the ventricles thicker than the walls of the atria?
The walls of the ventricles are more thick because they need to pump blood to the entire body and out of the heart.
What are the names of the great vessels that transport blood to and from the heart?
The superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary artery, four pulmonary veins and the aorta
What are arteries?
Carry blood away from the heart, branch into smaller arteries called arterioles
What are veins?
Returns blood to the heart
What are capillaries?
Connect the arterioles to the smallest veins, called venules.
What are the coronary vessels?
supplies the heart itself with blood
What is the main function of capillaries?
Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that make sure your body gets what it needs and gets rid of what it doesn’t.
Their job is to exchange important stuff, like nutrients and waste, between your blood and your body’s tissues.
Explain the steps in blood flow through the heart:
- Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium through superior and inferior vena cava
- Blood enters right ventricle through tricuspid valve
- Blood exits right ventricle through pulmonary valve and enters pulmonary artery
- Left and right pulmonary arteries send blood to the lungs, where gas exchange occurs
- Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium
- Blood enters left ventricle through mitral valve
- Blood exits left ventricle through through aortic valve to enter the aorta
- Blood enters to the aorta and the aorta distributes blood to the body
What type of blood flows through the right side of the heart?
Low oxygen blood.
Where does low oxygen go?
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cavas
The triscupid valve opens and The blood enters the right ventricle. After that the triscupid valve closes to prevent backflow.
The right ventricle contracts and this causes the pulmonary valve to open. After the right ventricle empties, the pulmonary valve closes. Then the blood goes to the pulmonary artery
Lungs: The pulmonary artery carries the deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide through the process of gas exchange.
What type pf blood flows through the left side of the heart?
oxygenated blood
Where does oxygenated blood go?
Left Atrium: Oxygenated blood returns to the heart from the lungs through the pulmonary veins, and it enters the left atrium.
Left Ventricle: From the left atrium, the blood moves into the left ventricle.
Aorta: The left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood out of the heart through the aorta, the body’s largest artery.
Body: The aorta carries the oxygenated blood to all parts of the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues.
Is there a connection between the right and left side of the heart?
The connection between both sides is the pulmonary circulation connects the right side of the heart, which pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, with the left side of the heart, which receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body
The heart has its own vascular system to keep it supplied with oxygenated blood. What is the name of this vascular system?
cornary circulation
What is another name of the white blood cells?
leukocytes
What is the main function of the white blood cells? Do they have a nucleus?
Their main function is to protect the body from pathogens and they have a nucleus.
What is another name for red blood cells? What is their function? Do they have a nucleus?
Another term for red blood cells is erythrocytes and their main function is it delivers oxygen from the lung and it carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs. It has no nucleus nor mitosis.
How do red blood cells carry oxygen (what molecule does it bind to)?
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) carry oxygen primarily by binding to a molecule called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin gives blood its colour
What is another name for platelets? What is their function?
Platelets is also called thrombocytes. Platelets play a key role in stopping bleeding.
What are the main blood types?
The main blood types are Blood type a, Blood type B, Blood type AB and Blood type O
What do the blood Types A, B, AB and O refer to?
Blood type A means you have A antigen. Blood type B means you have B antigens. Blood type AB means you have both A and B antigens. Blood type O means you have neither antigens.
What types of antibodies to Type A, B, AB and O have in their blood?
Blood type A has anti-B antibodies, Type B blood has anti A antibodies, Type AB blood has no antibodies and Type O blood has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
the upper respiratory tract consists of structures located outside the thoracic cavity; this
includes
the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharnx, and laryngopharynx
The lower respiratory tract consists of structures located inside the thoracic cavity; these
include
trachea, bronchi, lungs
The pharynx has three regions, what are they?
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.
What is the role of the epiglottis?
it helps us breathe during swallowing
Where is the trachea found, and what is its role?
it lies in front of the esophagus. the trachea is like the airway highway in your throat that helps you breathe, protects itself from collapsing, and keeps the air you breathe in clean.
What does the trachea branch off into?
it bracnhes off into the bronchi Which then continues to branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles, allowing air to reach all parts of the lungs for gas exchange.
What is the role of the alveoli?
Aveoli is the site where gas exchange occurs. Its where oxygen goes into the blood and c02 goes into the lungs.
By what process does oxygen move into the alveoli?
diffusion
What is the main muscle responsible for pulmonary ventilation?
diaphragm
What happens to the respiratory muscles during inspiration?
During inspiration, it elevates the chest or increases the size of the chest.
What happens to the respiratory muscles during expiration?
During expiration, the respiratory muscles relax, allowing the chest cavity to decrease in size and air to be pushed out of the lungs.
what is pulmonary ventilation?
Pulmonary ventilation is simply breathing in and out
What role do intrapulmonic pressure and atmospheric pressure play in breathing?
when we breathe, we’re using pressure differences to suck air into our lungs when we breathe in and push it out when we breathe out!
Which heart valve controls the flow of blood between the left atrium and the left ventricle?
mitral valve
Which great vessel supplies blood to the right atrium?
Superior and inferior vena cava
What is the correct progression of blood through the heart and lungs?
R atrium, right ventricle, lungs, L atrtium, left ventricle
The purpose of the epiglottis is
to prevent food from entering the lower respiratory tract
Air is warmed and moistened in the _____?
Nasal Cavity
Platelets are formed from fragments of what type of larger cell?
Megakaryocytes
The 2 main components of blood are
Plasma and formed elements
What is the structure in the lung where gas exchange occurs?
alevoli
The protein found in red blood cells that binds to oxygen is called
Hemoglobin
The outer, connective tissue layer of blood vessels is called the
tunica externa
An individual with type AB blood would have what type of blood type ANTIBODIES in their blood?
no antibodies
The function of the coronary circulation is to
Sends oxygenated blood to the heart muscle itself
The 2 main categories of Leukocytes are
Granulocytes and aganulocytes
The semilunar valves of the heart are also called..
The aortic and pulmonary valves
The tricuspid valve separate the _______ from the ______
right atrium, right ventricle
Oxygenated blood from the lungs flows through which side of the heart?
left
What is happening to the heart during the QRS phase of the ECG?
The ventricles are depolarized and then contract
The layer of the heart composed of cardiac muscle is the
myocardium
The correct order of flow of deoxygenated blood through the heart is
right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve
What is the correct order of an electrical impulse in the heart?
SA node, interatrial bundles, AV node, Bundle of His, purkinje fibres
The “lub” sound of the heart is caused by
the closing of the atrioventricular valves
Why does the left ventricle has thicker walls than the right ventricle?
because it must generate more force to pump blood to the entire body
How does Afterload affect stroke volume?
the greater the afterload, the lower the stroke volume
The double walled sac that surrounds the heart is called
The double walled sac that surrounds the heart is called
Which structure initiates electrical impulses in the heart?
the SA (sinoatrial node)
The semilunar valves in the heart include
the aortic and pulmonary valves
What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?
endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
The serous membrane that covers the surface of the lungs is called
The visceral pleura
What is the main function of the thyroid hormones T3 and thyroxine?
Increases metabolism
Blood passing from the left ventricle into the aorta passes through which valve?
the aortic semilunar valve
What will happen when intrapleural pressure is lower than atmoshpheric pressure?
inspiration (air flows into the lungs)
How does lymph circulate? (what mechanisms help it flow)
Valves prevent backflow, skeletal muscles squeeze lymph vessels to push lymph forward, pressure changes during respiration
Name three factors that influence breathing rate. Which is the most important?
carbon dioxide levels - most important
Others: oxygen levels, H+ levels (pH), stretch, pain, emotion, irritants
Where do T-lymphocytes mature and develop?
thymus
Within the cardiac cycle what is systole?
contraction of the heart
What is cardiac output ?
the amount of blood the heart pumps in 1 minute
What is the membrane that covers the lungs called?
Visceral pleura
Which of the following is an agranulocyte?
monocytes
What term is used to describe a fast breathing rate?
hypoventilation
What are the main components of blood plasma?
Water, protein, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, gases
The body is continually producing red blood cells to maintain homeostasis, what is this called?
Erythropoiesis
What are reticulocytes?
Immature red blood cells
Tidal volume is…..?
The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing
3 factor that affect blood pressure
Cardiac output, blood volume, resistance
What is the primary vein?
Vena cava
What venules?
the smallest vein
what are 3 types of arteries?
conducting arteries, distributing arteries, arterioles
What are the blood vessel layers?
Tunica itima, tunnel media, tunnel externa
What is the tunica itima-
inner layer of the blood vessel
What is the tunnel media
middle layer of the blood vessel
Tunica externa
outer layer
Cardiac output=?
heart rate x stroke volume
Factors that affect the stroke volume
preload, contractility, afterload
What is preload
blood coming into the heart and how much blood is filling in the ventricles
What is contractility?
how strong our heart muscles can contract
What is afterload?
pressure pushing back on the heart
What are factors affecting the heart rate?
Heart rate is the number of times the heart beats per minute
If our sympathetic system is up or activated, our heart rate would go up
Exercise
Stress
What is the endocardium?
lines the chambers of the heart
What is myocardium
its the middle muscle layer and cardiac muscle
Where is the heart located?
mediastinum and sits behind the ribs
What are platelets also found?
thrombocytes
How long do platelets live?
7 days
Prevention of blood clots
smooth endothelium, blood flow, and anticoagulants
The result of colloid osmotic pressure is that
waste and fluid re-enters the capillary at the venous end
How would vasodilation affect the peripheral resistance and blood flow?
it would decrease resistance and increase blood flow
Which is NOT a method used to help return blood to the heart?
blood pressure in veins is high, forcing blood back to the heart
FORMATION OF BLOOD CELLs is called
hemopoiesis
Does red bone marrow produce all RBC
yes
What produces lympocytes
lymphatic tissue
What is the red blood cycle called
ERYTHROPOIESIS
What are the two types of white blood cells?
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
What are the three types of Granulocytes?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
What do neutrophils do?
numerous and highly mobile phagocytes
What does eosinophils do
line respiratory and digestive tract
What do Basophils?
Secrete heparin and histamine
What are the two types of agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes and monocytes
FACTORS THAT DISCOURAGE UNWANTED
BLOOD CLOTS
Smooth endothelium
*Blood flow (dilutes thrombin)
*Anticoagulants
An unwanted blood clot stuck inside a blood
vessel is called a
Thrombus
