Review 1 Flashcards
Essay question:
Describe negative feedback
Negative feedback is a process that is meant to reverse the original trigger. This is by having the original stimulus, which is then received by a receptor which uses the afferent pathway for sensory information to go to the integrating sensor which then uses an efferent pathway which is the motor information and that goes to the effector which then goes to the response
What are the body cavities?
KNOW WHERE THEY ARE
Cranial cavity
Dorsal cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
What are the body planes?
KNOW WHERE THEY ARE
Midsagittal
Parasagittal
Frontal (coronal)
Transverse (Horizontal)
What are the abdominal regions?
KNOW WHERE THEY ARE
R Hypochondriac region | Epigastric region | Hypochondriac region
________________________________________________________________________
Right Lumbar region | Umbilical region | Left Lumbar region
________________________________________________________________________
R iliac (inguinal) region | Hypogastric (pubic)| L iliac (inguinal)
What are the phases of mitosis?
KNOW WHAT EACH LOOKS LIKE
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase / Cytokinesis
What does superior (cranial) mean?
Toward the head
What does inferior mean?
Toward the feet
What does anterior (ventral) mean?
Toward or at the front of the body
What does posterior (dorsal) mean?
Toward or at the backside
What does medial mean?
Toward or at the midline
What does lateral mean?
Away from the midline
What does intermediate mean?
Between a medial and lateral structure
What does proximal mean?
Closer to the body trunk
What does distal mean?
Farther from the body trunk
What does superficial mean?
(external)
Toward or at the body surface
What does deep mean?
(internal)
Away from the body surface
more internal
What does the centrioles do?
Organelles that form spindles for assisting the cell’s division
What does the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) do?
Produce proteins for the rest of the cell
Protein synthesis
What are ribosomes?
Parts of the rough ER that assist in protein synthesis
What does the Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum do?
ER without ribosomes, lipid synthesis
What does the Golgi Apparatus do?
“The post office”
Flattened piece similar to pita breads stacked.
Packages proteins and other substances for transport and export
What are vesicles?
Membrane bound sacs that transport the cell’s products
What does the mitochondria do?
Has most ATP
Creates energy to power the cell
What do lysosomes (and peroxisome) do?
“Garbage disposal”
Gets rid of the bad stuff
Clean up cellular debris
What does cilia do?
Moves materials across the cell storage
What does the Integumentary system do?
Forms external body covering; insulates and cushions deeper body organs; regulates heat loss; synthesizes vitamin D
What are the functions of the Skeletal system?
Protect and support body organs; provides framework muscles use to cause movement; stores minerals
What are the functions of the Muscular system?
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat
What are the functions of the Nervous system?
Fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
What are the functions of the Endocrine system?
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells
What are the functions of the Cardiovascular system?
Blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, wastes
Heart pumps blood
What are the functions of the Lymphatic system?
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity
What are the functions of the Respiratory system?
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; gas exchange occurs through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
What are the functions of the Digestive system?
Breaks down food into nutrients that enter blood for distribution to body cells; eliminates feces
What is the function of the Urinary system?
Eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood
What is the function of the Reproductive system?
Produce offspring
What is the Synthesis Chemical reaction
A + B -> AB
What is the Decomposition chemical reaction?
AB -> A + B
What is pH
The measure of [H+]
Scale runs from 0-14
7 is neutral
What are buffers?
Substance that resists changes in pH by
donating a H+ when pH is too basic
or
accepting a H+ when pH is too acidic
What are the general functions of Nucleic Acids?
DNA and RNA
What are the general functions of Carbohydrates?
Act as an energy source, help control blood glucose and insulin metabolism, participate in cholesterol
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides
What are the general functions of Lipids?
Move and store energy, absorb vitamins and make hormones
Triglycerides, Phospholipids, steroids
What are the general functions of Proteins?
Provide construction materials for body tissues, play vital role in cell function, act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
Build from amino acids
What does DNA do?
Genetic code
Codes for specific proteins
What are the bases (and their partner in DNA?
Adenine - T
Thymine - A
Guamsine - C
Cytosine - G
Does Passive transport require ATP?
No
What is simple diffusion?
The process in which a substance moves through a semipermeable membrane without any help
What is Facilitated diffusion?
The transport of a substance through the semipermeable membrane with help of a transport molecule (channel or carrier)
What is Osmosis?
Simple diffusion of water
- Osmotic pressure (pulling water) is the drive for osmosis
Does Active transport require ATP?
Yes
What is Active transport?
Amino acids and ions transported by proteins carriers known as solute pumps
Substances moved against gradient from [LOW] to [HIGH]
What is tonicity?
Ability of solution changes the tone (shape) of a cell
What are the three types of tonicity?
Hypertonic (shrink)
Hypotonic (swell or burst)
Isotonic (doesn’t change)
