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Class A&P > Ch 13: The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Ch 13: The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 2 parts of the structural division of the respiratory system?

A

Upper respiratory system
Lower respiratory system

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2
Q

What are the parts of the upper respiratory system?

A

Nose
Mouth
Sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx

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3
Q

What are the parts of the lower respiratory system?

A

Trachea
Bronchial tubes
Lungs

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4
Q

What are the 2 functional zones of the respiratory system?

A

Conducting zone
Respiratory zone

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5
Q

What is this:
Increase surface area, thus providing for rapid warming and humidification of air

A

Nasal Conchae

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6
Q

What controls the pressure within the middle ear, making it equal with the air pressure outside the body?

A

Pharyngotympanic tube

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7
Q

What is this:
During swallowing, soft platelet and uvula move together to close off nasopharynx and prevent food from entering nasal cavity. Produces thin saliva

A

Uvula

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8
Q

What is the passage way for air and food?

A

Pharynx

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9
Q

What connects pharynx and trachea, contains vocal folds, which produce sound when they vibrate?

A

Larynx

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10
Q

What is a tracheotomy?

A

Incision into the trachea

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11
Q

What is the difference between the right and left lungs?

A

Right - 3 lobes, wider, shorter (makes room for liver)
Left - 2 lobes, narrower, cardiac notch

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12
Q

What’s in the conducting zone?

A

Trachea
Main Bronchi
Lobar
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles

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13
Q

What’s in the respiratory zone?

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveolar sacs

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14
Q

What zone can gas exchange in?

A

Respiratory zone

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15
Q

What’s surrounded by fine elastic fibers and pulmonary capillaries?

A

Alveoli

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16
Q

Alveolar pores connect to what?

A

Adjacent alveoli

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17
Q

What equalizes air pressure throughout the lungs?

A

Alveoli

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18
Q

What provides alternative routes in case of blockages?

A

Alveoli

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19
Q

What keeps alveolar surfaces sterile?

A

Alveolar macrophages

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20
Q

What are the types of Alveolar Cells

A

Type I
Type II

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21
Q

What type of Alveolar Cell is this:

  • Cover majority of alveolar surface
  • Central nucleus and large thin cytoplasm
  • Not capable of division
A

Type I

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22
Q

What type of Alveolar Cell is this:

  • Produce pulmonary surfactant
  • Progenitor
A

Type II

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23
Q

What does a type II progenitor mean?

A

Means they turn into Type I of Alveolar cells

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24
Q

What is surface tension?

A

Liquid-air interfaces

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25
Q

What is this:

  • Amphiphilic molecules
  • Absorbed in the air-water interface
  • Hydrophobic part in the air; hydrophilic part in water
  • Decreases surface tension
A

Surfactant

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26
Q

What is infant respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Insufficient quantity of surfactant in premature babies

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27
Q

What are the 3 pleural membranes?

A

Parietal pleural
Visceral pleural
Pleural cavity

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28
Q

What is attached to chest wall (recoil out) and has nerves, making it highly sensitive to pain?

A

Parietal pleural

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29
Q

What is attached to the lungs (recoil in) and has no sensory innervation?

A

Visceral pleural

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30
Q

What is the space between the pleura, containing small amount of pleural fluid?

A

Pleural cavity

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31
Q

What is this:
Lungs have no muscles, volume of thoracic cavity is increased to increase volume in lungs

A

Mechanical coupling

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32
Q

What is respiration?

A

Exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells

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33
Q

Combination of 3 processes is required for respiration to occur, what are they?

A
  1. Ventilation (breathing)
  2. External (pulmonary) respiration
  3. Internal (tissue) respiration
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34
Q

What is this:

Air flows between the atmosphere and alveoli of the lungs due to alternating pressure differences
- Created by contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles

A

Pulmonary muscles

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35
Q

What is inhilation?

A

Air in lungs (inspiration)

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36
Q

What is Exhalation?

A

Air out of lungs (expiration)

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37
Q

What is external (pulmonary) respiration?

A

Gas exchanged at the alveolus

38
Q

What is Internal (tissue) respiration?

A

Gas exchanged at the systemic capillary

39
Q

What is PATM?

A

Atmospheric pressure

40
Q

What is pressure extorted by air surrounding body? (760 mmHg)

41
Q

What is PA? (AKA Intrapulmonary pressure)

A

Alveolar Pressure

42
Q

What is this:

  • Vary with ventilation (fluctuates with breathing)
  • Always eventually equalize with PATM
  • Pressure in alveoli
43
Q

What is PIP?

A

Intrapleural pressure

44
Q

What is this:

  • Vary with ventilation
  • Pressure in pleural cavity
  • Always less than PATM and PA
    (4mmHg less than PA)
  • Due to inward and outward forces
  • 2 inward forces pull lungs in
  • 1 outward force pulls lungs out
45
Q

What is Pneumothorax? What does it cause?

A

Air in the pleural cavity due to a lung collapse
Causes intrapleural pressure to become equal to intrapulmonary pressure

46
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

Pressure and volume of gas have INVERSE relationship
(pressure changes that drive inhalation and exhalation)

47
Q

What’s the equation for Boyle’s Law?

48
Q

Look at the graph on Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

49
Q

Where does this take place:

The opposing elastic recoil forces of the lungs and chest wall are in equilibrium and there is no exertion by the diaphragm or other respiratory muscles

A

Functional residual capacity

50
Q

What are capacities?

A

Sum of volume

51
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Normal breathing

52
Q

Big inhale after normal inhale is what?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

53
Q

Exhale as much as you can is what?

A

Expiratory reserve volume

54
Q

Left over air in body is the what?

A

Residual volume

55
Q

What is Inspiratory Capacity (IC)?

A

Tidal Volume (TV) + Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

56
Q

What is Vital Capacity (VC)?

A

Tidal Volume (TV) + Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) + Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

57
Q

What is Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?

A

Tidal Volume (TV) + Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) + Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) + Residual Volume (RV)

58
Q

What is 20% more soluble than O2?

59
Q

What occurs between lungs & blood and blood & tissues?

A

Gas Exchange

60
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Diffusion of gases between blood and lungs
CO2 leaves and O2 enters bloodstream

61
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Diffusion of gases between blood and tissues
CO2 enters and O2 leaves bloodstream

62
Q

Both external and internal respirations are subject to what?

A
  • Basic properties of gases
  • Composition of alveolar gas
63
Q

Where does external respiration occur?

A

In the lungs

64
Q

Where does internal respiration occur?

A

In the body tissues

65
Q

Where does gas transport occur?

A

In the blood vessels
Blood transports O2 and CO2 between lungs and cells

66
Q

What is external respiration influenced by?

A
  • Partial pressure gradients
  • Gas solubilities
  • Ventilation - perfusion coupling
  • Thickness and surface area of respiratory membrane
67
Q

What is internal respiration influenced by?

A
  • Partial pressure gradients
  • Gas solubilities
68
Q

Look at Alveolus-RBC chart

69
Q

Why is the respiratory membrane surface area greater than alveolar surface area?

A

It allows for more gas to diffuse across respiratory membrane

70
Q

Gases diffuse from areas of _______ partial pressure to areas of _____ partial pressure

A

High / Low

71
Q

__________: pulmonary arterioles serving the alveoli constrict

A

Ventilation < than perfusion

72
Q

________: pulmonary arterioles serving the alveoli dilate

A

Ventilation > than perfusion

73
Q

What does V stand for? (AKA air)

A

Ventilation

74
Q

What does Q stand for? (AKA blood)

75
Q

What percentage of O2 is dissolved in the plasma?

76
Q

What percentage of O2 is carried by hemoglobin?

77
Q

What percentage of CO2 is dissolved in the plasma?

78
Q

What percentage of CO2 is carried by the Hb (hemoglobin) inside red blood cells as carbaminohemoglobin?

79
Q

What percentage of the CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3)?

80
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin?

A

Oxygen bound to hemoglobin (w/ out iron)

81
Q

What color is oxyhemoglobin?

A

Bright red

82
Q

What is deoxyhemoglobin?

A

Oxygen not bound to hemoglobin

83
Q

What is carbaminohemoglobin?

A

CO2 is bound to globin in hemoglobin

84
Q

Do O2 and CO2 bind to Hb differently?

85
Q

Affinity of O2 for Hb depends on what?

A
  • Poz and Pco2 in blood
  • Blood pH
  • Temperature
86
Q

Look at CO2 Transport picture

87
Q

What are the 2 controls of respiration?

A

Hypercapnia and Hypoxia

88
Q

What is this:

  • Strongest stimuli
  • Slight increase in Pco2 (and thus H+)
  • Stimulates central chemoreceptors
A

Hypercapnia

89
Q

What is this:

  • Oxygen deficiency at the tissue level
  • Caused by a low Po2 in arterial blood
  • Due to high altitude, airway obstruction or fluid in lungs
90
Q

What are the 2 breathing control centers?

A

Pons centers
Medulla centers

91
Q

Efferent nerve impulses from medulla trigger contractions of inspiratory muscles in which nerves?

A

Phrenic nerves
Intercostal nerves

Class A&P (17 decks)

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