Chapter 2 Flashcards
What is matter?
Anything that occupies space and has mass
May exist as one of these 3 states: solid, liquid, gaseous
May be changed
What kind of change is matter when the change doesn’t alter the basic nature of a substance?
Physical
What kind of change is matter when the change alters the chemical composition of a substance?
Chemical
What is Energy?
The ability to do work
Has no mass and doesn’t take up space
What are the 2 types of energy?
Kinetic and Potential
What is kinetic energy?
Energy is doing the work
What is potential energy?
Energy is inactive or stored
Where is chemical energy stored?
In chemical bonds of substances
What are the 3 forms of energy?
Chemical
Electrical /Mechanical
Radiant
What is Electrical energy?
It’s resulted from movement of charged particles
What is Mechanical energy?
Energy directly involved in moving matter
What is Radiant energy?
Energy of the electromagnetic spectrum; travels in waves
What are elements?
Fundamental units of matter
96% of the body is made from what 4 elements?
Oxygen (65% of body’s mass)
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
What is the role of Oxygen?
A major component of both organic and inorganic molecules
As a gas, essential to the oxidation of glucose and other food fuels, during which cellular energy (ATP) is produced
What is the role of Carbon?
Primary element in all organic molecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
What is the role of Hydrogen?
A component of all organic molecules
As an ion, it influences the pH of body fluids
What are atoms?
Building blocks of elements
*Atoms of elements differ from one another
What charge are protons?
Positive
What charge are neutrons?
No charge
What charge are electrons?
Negative
All atoms are electrically ___________
neutral
Number of protons equals number of _________ in an atom
Electron
What 2 types of subatomic particles cancel each other out?
Positive and Negative
What are ions?
Atoms that have lost or gained electrons
What is an anion?
Atom with a negative charge
What is a cation?
Atom with a positive charge
What are isotopes?
Atoms that have the same number of protons and electrons that vary in the number of neutrons
Isotopes have the same atomic number but different atomic masses
What is this:
- Heavy isotope pf certain atoms
- Tends to be unstable and decay
- Decomposes to more stable isotope
Radioisotope
What is radioactivity?
Process of spontaneous atomic decay
What is radioactivity used for?
To tag and trace biological molecules through the body
What is a molecule?
2 or more atom of the SAME elements combined chemically
What is a compound?
2 or more atoms of DIFFERENT elements combined chemically
What do electrons determine about atoms?
Determine the atom’s chemical behavior and bonding properties
When do chemical reactions occur?
When atoms combine with or dissociate from other atoms
Chemical bonds are energy relationships involving what?
Interactions among the electrons of reacting atoms
Electrons occupy energy levels called ______________
Electron shells
Bonding involves interactions only between electrons in the outermost (___________) shell
Valence
What is the Rule of Eight
Atoms are considered stable when valence shell has 8 electrons and chemically inactive (inert)
What is the exception to the Rule of Eight?
Shell 1 can only hold 2 electrons
Are polar covalent bonds hydrophilic?
Yes
Are nonpolar covalent bonds hydrophilic?
No they’re hydrophobic
What chemical reaction is this:
A + B -> AB
Synthesis
What chemical reaction is this:
AB -> A + B
Decomposition
What is surface tension?
Where water and air stick to each other
What is biochemistry?
Chemical composition of living matter
What type of compound is this:
- Lack carbon
- Tend to be small, simple molecules
- Include water, salts, and many (not all) acids and bases
Inorganic Compounds
What type of compound is this:
- Contain carbon
- All are large, covalent molecules
- Include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Organic Compounds
Which inorganic compound is this:
- Most abundant in body
- Vital properties include: high heat capacity, polarity / solvent properties, chemical reactivity, and cushioning
Water
What is high heat capacity?
Water absorbs and releases a large amount of heat before it change temperature
What does high heat capacity prevent?
Sudden changes in body temperature
What is often called the “universal solvent”?
Water
When do colloids form?
When solutes of intermediate size form from a translucent mixture
Reactions that require water are known as what?
Hydrolysis reactions
What is cushioning?
Water serving as a protective function
What inorganic compound is this:
- Contain cations other than H+ or OH-
- Easily dissociate (break apart) into ions in the presence of water
- vital to many body functions
Salts
What inorganic compound is this:
- Electrolytes that dissociate (ionize) in water and release H+ ions (proton donors)
- Strong acids ionize completely and liberate all their protons
Acids
What inorganic compound is this:
- Electrolytes that dissociate in water and release OH- ions (proton acceptors)
Bases
What measures the [H+]
pH
What is the pH scale based on?
The number of protons in a solution
The pH scale runs from _____________
0 to 14
In the pH scale, what number is neutral?
7
What are macromolecules?
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
What is a polymer?
Chainlike molecules made of many repeating units (monomers)
How do you make / break down a polymer?
Dehydration synthesis and Hydrolysis
What is this:
Monomers are joined by removal of OH from 1 monomer and removal of H from the other at the site of bond formation
Dehydration Synthesis
What is this:
Monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule; adding OH to 1 monomer and H to the other
Hydrolysis
What Carbohydrate is this:
Simple sugars and the structural units of the carbohydrates group; glucose
Monosaccharides
What Carbohydrate is this:
2 simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis; Sucrose, Maltose
Disaccharides
What Carbohydrates is this:
Long branching chains of linked simple sugars
Primary function: energy storage (starch and Glycogen)
Polysaccharides
What are Triglycerides?
Fat
Energy Storage
What are the Lipids?
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Nucleic Acids
What is this:
Account for over half of the body’s organic matter
- provide for construction materials for body tissues
- play a vital role in cell function
- act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
Built from building blocks called amino acids
No storage form
Proteins
True or false:
Amino acids can function as acid or base
True
Amino acids are joined by covalent bonds called what?
Peptide Bonds
What is a buffer?
Substance that resists changes in pH by
donating a H+ when pH is too basic OR
accepting a H+ when pH is too acidic
What is one of the most important buffer systems?
Carbonic Acid
H3CO3
What is Acidosis?
too much H+
What is Alkalosis?
Not enough H+
What is DNA?
Genetic code
Codes for specific proteins
Double strand
What are the 4 bases in DNA?
Adenine - T
Thymine - A
Guamsine - C
Cytosine - G
What is RNA?
Acids in carrying out protein
Single strand
What is the different base in RNA from DNA?
Uracil instead of Thymine
