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Class A&P > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass
May exist as one of these 3 states: solid, liquid, gaseous
May be changed

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2
Q

What kind of change is matter when the change doesn’t alter the basic nature of a substance?

A

Physical

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3
Q

What kind of change is matter when the change alters the chemical composition of a substance?

A

Chemical

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4
Q

What is Energy?

A

The ability to do work
Has no mass and doesn’t take up space

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of energy?

A

Kinetic and Potential

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6
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy is doing the work

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7
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Energy is inactive or stored

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8
Q

Where is chemical energy stored?

A

In chemical bonds of substances

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9
Q

What are the 3 forms of energy?

A

Chemical
Electrical /Mechanical
Radiant

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10
Q

What is Electrical energy?

A

It’s resulted from movement of charged particles

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11
Q

What is Mechanical energy?

A

Energy directly involved in moving matter

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12
Q

What is Radiant energy?

A

Energy of the electromagnetic spectrum; travels in waves

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13
Q

What are elements?

A

Fundamental units of matter

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14
Q

96% of the body is made from what 4 elements?

A

Oxygen (65% of body’s mass)
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

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15
Q

What is the role of Oxygen?

A

A major component of both organic and inorganic molecules
As a gas, essential to the oxidation of glucose and other food fuels, during which cellular energy (ATP) is produced

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16
Q

What is the role of Carbon?

A

Primary element in all organic molecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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17
Q

What is the role of Hydrogen?

A

A component of all organic molecules
As an ion, it influences the pH of body fluids

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18
Q

What are atoms?

A

Building blocks of elements

*Atoms of elements differ from one another

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19
Q

What charge are protons?

A

Positive

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20
Q

What charge are neutrons?

A

No charge

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21
Q

What charge are electrons?

A

Negative

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22
Q

All atoms are electrically ___________

A

neutral

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23
Q

Number of protons equals number of _________ in an atom

A

Electron

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24
Q

What 2 types of subatomic particles cancel each other out?

A

Positive and Negative

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25
Q

What are ions?

A

Atoms that have lost or gained electrons

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26
Q

What is an anion?

A

Atom with a negative charge

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27
Q

What is a cation?

A

Atom with a positive charge

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28
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Atoms that have the same number of protons and electrons that vary in the number of neutrons
Isotopes have the same atomic number but different atomic masses

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29
Q

What is this:
- Heavy isotope pf certain atoms
- Tends to be unstable and decay
- Decomposes to more stable isotope

A

Radioisotope

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30
Q

What is radioactivity?

A

Process of spontaneous atomic decay

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31
Q

What is radioactivity used for?

A

To tag and trace biological molecules through the body

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32
Q

What is a molecule?

A

2 or more atom of the SAME elements combined chemically

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33
Q

What is a compound?

A

2 or more atoms of DIFFERENT elements combined chemically

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34
Q

What do electrons determine about atoms?

A

Determine the atom’s chemical behavior and bonding properties

35
Q

When do chemical reactions occur?

A

When atoms combine with or dissociate from other atoms

36
Q

Chemical bonds are energy relationships involving what?

A

Interactions among the electrons of reacting atoms

37
Q

Electrons occupy energy levels called ______________

A

Electron shells

38
Q

Bonding involves interactions only between electrons in the outermost (___________) shell

A

Valence

39
Q

What is the Rule of Eight

A

Atoms are considered stable when valence shell has 8 electrons and chemically inactive (inert)

40
Q

What is the exception to the Rule of Eight?

A

Shell 1 can only hold 2 electrons

41
Q

Are polar covalent bonds hydrophilic?

A

Yes

42
Q

Are nonpolar covalent bonds hydrophilic?

A

No they’re hydrophobic

43
Q

What chemical reaction is this:

A + B -> AB

A

Synthesis

44
Q

What chemical reaction is this:
AB -> A + B

A

Decomposition

45
Q

What is surface tension?

A

Where water and air stick to each other

46
Q

What is biochemistry?

A

Chemical composition of living matter

47
Q

What type of compound is this:
- Lack carbon
- Tend to be small, simple molecules
- Include water, salts, and many (not all) acids and bases

A

Inorganic Compounds

48
Q

What type of compound is this:
- Contain carbon
- All are large, covalent molecules
- Include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

A

Organic Compounds

49
Q

Which inorganic compound is this:
- Most abundant in body
- Vital properties include: high heat capacity, polarity / solvent properties, chemical reactivity, and cushioning

A

Water

50
Q

What is high heat capacity?

A

Water absorbs and releases a large amount of heat before it change temperature

51
Q

What does high heat capacity prevent?

A

Sudden changes in body temperature

52
Q

What is often called the “universal solvent”?

A

Water

53
Q

When do colloids form?

A

When solutes of intermediate size form from a translucent mixture

54
Q

Reactions that require water are known as what?

A

Hydrolysis reactions

55
Q

What is cushioning?

A

Water serving as a protective function

56
Q

What inorganic compound is this:
- Contain cations other than H+ or OH-
- Easily dissociate (break apart) into ions in the presence of water
- vital to many body functions

A

Salts

57
Q

What inorganic compound is this:
- Electrolytes that dissociate (ionize) in water and release H+ ions (proton donors)
- Strong acids ionize completely and liberate all their protons

A

Acids

58
Q

What inorganic compound is this:
- Electrolytes that dissociate in water and release OH- ions (proton acceptors)

A

Bases

59
Q

What measures the [H+]

A

pH

60
Q

What is the pH scale based on?

A

The number of protons in a solution

61
Q

The pH scale runs from _____________

A

0 to 14

62
Q

In the pH scale, what number is neutral?

A

7

63
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids

64
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Chainlike molecules made of many repeating units (monomers)

65
Q

How do you make / break down a polymer?

A

Dehydration synthesis and Hydrolysis

66
Q

What is this:
Monomers are joined by removal of OH from 1 monomer and removal of H from the other at the site of bond formation

A

Dehydration Synthesis

67
Q

What is this:
Monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule; adding OH to 1 monomer and H to the other

A

Hydrolysis

68
Q

What Carbohydrate is this:

Simple sugars and the structural units of the carbohydrates group; glucose

A

Monosaccharides

69
Q

What Carbohydrate is this:

2 simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis; Sucrose, Maltose

A

Disaccharides

70
Q

What Carbohydrates is this:

Long branching chains of linked simple sugars
Primary function: energy storage (starch and Glycogen)

A

Polysaccharides

71
Q

What are Triglycerides?

A

Fat
Energy Storage

72
Q

What are the Lipids?

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Nucleic Acids

73
Q

What is this:
Account for over half of the body’s organic matter
- provide for construction materials for body tissues
- play a vital role in cell function
- act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
Built from building blocks called amino acids
No storage form

A

Proteins

74
Q

True or false:
Amino acids can function as acid or base

A

True

75
Q

Amino acids are joined by covalent bonds called what?

A

Peptide Bonds

76
Q

What is a buffer?

A

Substance that resists changes in pH by
donating a H+ when pH is too basic OR
accepting a H+ when pH is too acidic

77
Q

What is one of the most important buffer systems?

A

Carbonic Acid

H3CO3

78
Q

What is Acidosis?

A

too much H+

79
Q

What is Alkalosis?

A

Not enough H+

80
Q

What is DNA?

A

Genetic code
Codes for specific proteins
Double strand

81
Q

What are the 4 bases in DNA?

A

Adenine - T
Thymine - A
Guamsine - C
Cytosine - G

82
Q

What is RNA?

A

Acids in carrying out protein
Single strand

83
Q

What is the different base in RNA from DNA?

A

Uracil instead of Thymine

Class A&P (17 decks)

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