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Class A&P > Ch 15: The Urinary System > Flashcards

Ch 15: The Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Kidneys dispose of what waste products in urine?

A

Nitrogenous waste
Toxins
Drugs
Excess ions

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2
Q

Kidneys regulatory functions include?

A

Production of renin to maintain blood pressure
Production of EPO to stimulate rbc production
Conversion of vitamin D to its active form

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3
Q

What is the renal area an entrance for?

A

The renal artery, renal vein, ureter, nerves, lymphatics

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4
Q

What is the renal anatomy external layer (superficial to deep)?

A

Renal fascia
Adipose capsule
Renal capsule

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5
Q

What does the renal fascia anchor to?

A

Other structures

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6
Q

What does the adipose capsule do?

A

Protects and anchors

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7
Q

What is the internal renal anatomy?

A

Renal cortex - outer layer
Renal medulla - inner region
Renal pyramids
Renal columns - anchor to cortex

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8
Q

What is the path of urine drainage?

A

Collecting Duct > Papillary Duct > Minor Calyx > Major Calyx > Renal Pelvis > Ureter > Urinary Bladder

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9
Q

Kidneys are < than what percentage of total body mass?

A

0.5%

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10
Q

Kidneys receive what percentage of resting cardiac output?

A

20-25%

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11
Q

What is the blood flow?

A

Aorta > Renal Artery > Segmental Artery > Interlobar Artery > Arcuate Artery > Cortical Radiate Artery > Afferent Arteriole > Glomerulus > Efferent Arteriole > Peritubular Capillaries > Cortical Radiate Vein > Arcuate Vein > Interlobar Vein > Renal Vein > Inferior Vena Cava

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12
Q

What are nephrons?

A

Structural and functional units that form urine

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13
Q

How many nephrons are there per kidney?

A

1 million

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14
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the nephrons?

A

Renal corpuscle and Renal tubule

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15
Q

What is the 3 step urine formation?

A
  1. Filtration (Glomerular capillaries > Bowman’s Capsule)
  2. Reabsorption (Tubule > PT Capsule)
  3. Secretion (PT Capsule > Tubule)
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16
Q

What is the Glomerulus?

A

Tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium

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17
Q

What does the Glomerulus allow for?

A

Efficient filtration formation

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18
Q

What is another name for the Glomerular Capsule?

A

Bowman’s Capsule

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19
Q

What is the Bowman’s Capsule?

A

Cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus

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20
Q

What is the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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21
Q

What is the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule?

A

Branching epithelial podocytes
Foot processes that cling to basement membrane
Filtration slits between food processes

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22
Q

What is the renal tubule?

A

It extends from glomerular capsule to collecting duct

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23
Q

What are the subdivisions of the renal tubule in the Bowman’s Capsule?

A

Proximal convulated tubule
Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle) (descending limb and ascending limb)
Distal convulated tubule (collecting duct)

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24
Q

What are the 2 types of Nephrons?

A

Cortical Nephrons and Juxtamedullary Nephrons

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25
Q

Which nephron is this:

  • 80-85% of nephrons
  • Renal corpuscle in outer portion of cortex
  • Short loops of Henle
  • Create urine with osmolarity similar to blood (300mOsm)
  • Peritubular Capillaries
A

Cortical Nephrons

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26
Q

Which nephron is this:

  • 20% of nephrons
  • Renal corpuscle deep in cortex
  • Long loops of Henle
  • Ascending limb has thick and thin regions
  • Enable kidney to secrete very concentrated urine
  • Receive blood from peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
A

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

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27
Q

What are the 2 types of Nephron Capillary Beds?

A

Glomerulus and Peritubular Capillaries

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28
Q

Peritubular capillaries: Low pressure, porous capillaries adapted for what?

A

Absorption of water and solutes

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29
Q

Peritubular Capillaries cling to what?

A

Adjacent renal tubules in cortex

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30
Q

What do the Peritubular Capillaries empty into?

A

Venules

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31
Q

Which urine formation process is this:

  • Filtration is a nonselective passive process
  • Water and solutes forced through glomerular capillary walls
  • Proteins and blood cells too large to pass through filtration membrane
  • Once in capsule, fluid is called filtrate
  • Filtrate will be formed as long as systemic blood pressure is normal
  • If arterial blood pressure is too low, filtrate formation stops
A

Glomerular Filtration

32
Q

Filtration membrane allows molecules smaller than 3nm to pass, what are they?

A

Water
Glucose
Amino Acids
Nitrogenous Waste

33
Q

What do the plasma proteins that remain in blood in the filtration membrane do?

A

Maintain colloid osmotic pressure
Prevent loss of all water to capsular space

34
Q

Which urine formation process is this:

  • Peritubular capillaries reabsorb useful substances from renal tubules
  • Most reabsorption occurs in proximal convoluted tubule
A

Tubular Reabsorption

35
Q

Which urine formation process is this:

  • From the blood of the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules
    (hydrogen, potassium ions, and creatine)
  • Materials left in the renal tubule move toward the ureter
A

Tubular secretion

36
Q

What is tubular secretion important for?

A
  • Getting rid of substances not already in the filtrate
  • Removing drugs and excess ions
  • Maintaining acid-base balance of blood
37
Q

In 24 hours, about how many liters of urine are produced?

A

1.0 to 1.8 liters

38
Q

Are urine and filtrate the same thing?

A

No they’re different

39
Q

Filtrate contains everything that blood plasma does, except for what?

40
Q

__________ is what remains after the filtrate has lost most of its water, nutrients, and necessary ions through reabsorption.

41
Q

What does urine contain that isn’t needed?

A

Nitrogenous wastes and substances

42
Q

What are solutes normally found in urine?

A

Sodium and potassium ions
Urea
Uric Acid
Creatinine
Amino Acids
Bicarbonate ions

43
Q

What solutes are normally not found in urine?

A

Glucose (because it should be reabsorbed)
Blood proteins
RBCs
WBCs
Bile

44
Q

Nitrogenous waste in the urea are a product of what?

A

Protein breakdown

45
Q

Nitrogenous wastes in the uric acid are results from what?

A

Nucleic acid metabolism

46
Q

What is this:

  • Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac posterior to pubic symphysis
  • Stores urine temporarily
  • Trigone
  • In males, prostate surrounds the neck of this
  • Detrusor muscle
  • Mucosa made of transitional epithelium
  • Walls are thick and folded in an empty one
  • Can expand significantly without increasing internal pressure
A

Urinary Bladder

47
Q

What is a Trigone?

A

Triangular region of urinary bladder base based on 3 openings

48
Q

What are the 3 openings in the trigone?

A
  • 2 openings from the ureters (ureteral orifices)
  • 1 opening to the urethra (internal urethral orifice)
49
Q

What is the detrusor muscle?

A

3 layers of smooth muscle collectively in the urinary bladder

50
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Thin walled tube that carries urine from urinary bladder to outside of the body by peristalsis

51
Q

What is the function of the Urethra?

A

Females: carries urine
Males: Carries urine and sperm

52
Q

The release of urine is controlled by what 2 sphincters?

A

Internal urethral sphincter
External urethral sphincter

53
Q

Which urethral sphincter is involuntary?

A

Internal urethral sphincter

54
Q

Which urethral sphincter is voluntary?

A

External urethral sphincter

55
Q

What are the kidneys role in blood composition?

A
  • Excreting nitrogen containing wastes
  • Maintaining water balance of the blood
  • Maintaining electrolyte balance of the blood
  • Ensuring proper blood pH
56
Q

Urine concentration varies with what?

57
Q

High intake of fluid results in what?

A

Dilute urine of high volume

58
Q

Low intake of fluid results in what?

A

Concentrated urine of low volume

59
Q

What is the volume of total body water?

A

40 L
60% of body weight

60
Q

What is the volume of Intracellular fluid (ICF) of the body?

A

25 L
40% of body weight

61
Q

What is the volume of Interstitial Fluid (IF) of the body?

A

12 L
80% of ECF

62
Q

What is the volume of plasma in the body?

A

3L
20% of ECF

63
Q

What is the volume of Extracellular Fluid (ECF) in the body?

A

15L
20% of body weight

64
Q

What is the average water intake per day?

A

Metabolism: 10% (250mL)
Foods: 30% (750mL)
Beverages: 60% (1500mL)

65
Q

What is the average water output per day?

A

Feces: 4% (100mL)
Sweat: 8% (200mL)
Insensible losses via skin and lungs: 28% (700mL)
Urine: 60% (1500mL)

66
Q

REVIEW ANGIOTENSIN II FLOW CHART FROM CH 11 pt 4

67
Q

What is obligatory water reabsorption?

A

Water follows the solutes that’re reabsorbed
90%

68
Q

What is facultative water reabsorption?

A

Water withdrawn from plasma filtrate
Regulated by ADH
10%

69
Q

Blood pH must remain between what?

A

7.35 and 7.45

70
Q

What is Alkalosis?

A

pH above 7.45

71
Q

What is Acidosis?

A

pH below 7.35

72
Q

REVIEW RESPIRATORY BUFFER SYSTEM!!!!!!!!

73
Q

When it comes to the renal buffer system, what happens when blood pH rises?

A

Bicarbonate ions are excreted
Hydrogen ions are retained by the kidney tubules

74
Q

When it comes to the renal buffer system, what happens when blood pH decreases?

A

Bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed
Hydrogen ions are secreted

75
Q

Urine pH varies from what?

76
Q

What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) do?

A

The presence of ADH, which makes the collecting duct permeable to water, and therefore allows for facultative water reabsorption

Class A&P (17 decks)

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