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Class A&P > Ch 14: Digestive System > Flashcards

Ch 14: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the GI tract flow?

A

Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine (Duodenum > Jejunum > Ileum)
Large Intestine [Colon] (Cecum > Transverse colon > Descending colon > Sigmoid colon)
Rectum
Anus

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2
Q

What is the GI tract?

A

Long tube that’s open at both ends for the transit of food during processing

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3
Q

What are accessories?

A

Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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4
Q

What are the 4 digestive system functions?

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation

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5
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Taking in food

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6
Q

What is digestion?

A

Breaking food into nutrient molecules

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7
Q

What is absorption?

A

Movement of nutrients into the blood stream

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8
Q

What is defacation?

A

Excrete to rid the body of indigestible waste

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9
Q

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract from inner most to outer most?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

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10
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Serous membranes of abdominal cavity

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11
Q

What are the 3 peritonea?

A

Visceral peritoneum
Parietal peritoneum
Peritoneal cavity

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12
Q

Which peritoneum is this:
External surface of most digestive organs

A

Visceral peritoneum

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13
Q

Which peritoneum is this:
Lines body wall

A

Parietal peritoneum

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14
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

Fluid filled space between the 2 peritonea

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15
Q

What is the name of the double layer of peritoneum?

A

Mesentery

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16
Q

What does the mesentery do?

A
  • Extends from body wall to digestive organs
  • Routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
  • Holds organs in place
  • Stores fat
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17
Q

What is this:

  • Collapsible, muscular tube
  • Posterior to the trachea
  • Passes through diaphragm to join stomach
  • Gastroesophageal sphincter
A

Esophagus

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18
Q

What does the Gastroesophageal sphincter do?

A

Prevents regurgitation of food from stomach

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19
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle does the stomach have?

A

3
Longitudinal, Circular, Oblique

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20
Q

What does the rugae do?

A

Expands to accommodate for food

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21
Q

What are these the functions of?

  1. Mixes saliva, food, and gastric juice to form chyme
  2. Secretes gastric juice: HCl, Pepsin, Intrinsic factor, Gastric lipase
  3. Reservoir for food before release into small intestine
  4. Secretes gastrin into the blood
A

Stomach

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22
Q

What is intrinsic factor required for?

A

Absorption of vitamin B12

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23
Q

What is the main hormone that regulates acid secretion in stomach?

A

Gastrin

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24
Q

What is the 1st layer of the stomach barrier?

A

Thick layer of bicarbonate - rich mucus

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25
Q

What is the 2nd layer of the stomach barrier?

A

Tight junctions between epithelial cells
(prevent juice seeping underneath tissue)

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26
Q

What is the 3rd layer of the stomach barrier?

A

Damaged epithelial cells are quickly replaced by division of stem cells
(surface cells are replaced every 3-6 days)

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27
Q

What is gastrin activated by?

A

Vagus nerve
Gastrin related peptide
Peptides in stomach lumen

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28
Q

How is gastrin produced?

A

Released into blood until it reaches parietal cells

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29
Q

The small intestine is from what to what?

A

Pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve

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30
Q

What are the functions of the small intestine?

A
  • Receive chyme
  • Absorb products of digestion
  • Transport residues to large intestine
31
Q

What are the 3 types of villi

A

Brush border
Goblet cells
Intestinal glands

32
Q

What do goblet cells secrete?

33
Q

What are the 2 plexus of the Enteric Nervous System?

A

Submucosal plexus
Myenteric plexus

34
Q

What’s another name for the Submucosal plexus?

A

Plexus of Meissner

35
Q

What does the Submucosal plexus (of meissner) control?

A

Local secretion, absorption and muscle movements

36
Q

What’s another name for the Myenteric plexus?

A

Plexus of Auerbach

37
Q

What does the Myenteric plexus (of auerbach) do?

A

Increases tone of the gut and velocity and intensity of contractions

38
Q

What are the 2 neural innervations of the gut - ANS?

A

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic

39
Q

What is the increase of GI secretion / motility by increasing activity of ENS neurons?

A

Parasympathetic

40
Q

What is the decrease in GI secretion / motility by inhibiting ENS neurons?

A

Sympathetic

41
Q

What are the 4 regulating digestive activities?

A

1 Stimuli
2 Effectors
3 Neurons
4 Hormonal Controls

42
Q

Which Regulating Digestive Activity is this:

  • Receptors in walls of GI tract
  • Stretch, osmolarity, pH, presence of substrate and end products of digestion
43
Q

Which Regulating Digestive Activity is this:

  • Smooth muscle and glands
  • Stimulate smooth muscle to mix and move lumen contents
  • Activate or inhibit digestive glands that secrete digestive juices or hormones
44
Q

Which Regulating Digestive Activity is this:

  • Intrinsic controls: short reflexes (ENS)
  • Extrinsic controls: long reflexes (ANS)
  • Nervous system control
45
Q

Which regulating digestive activity is this:

  • Hormones from cells in stomach and small intestine
  • Stimulates target cells in same or different organs to secrete or contract
A

Hormonal Controls

46
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Localized contractions
Nonadjacent segments of the alimentary canal organs contract and relax

47
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Propulsive contractions
Adjacent segments of the alimentary canal organs alternatively contract and relax

48
Q

Secretion is stimulated by what?

A

Gastric juice
Chyme
and / or
Distention of small intestine wall

49
Q

Capillaries in the villi absorb what?

A
  • Water
  • Monosaccharides
  • Electrolytes
  • Amino acids
  • Short chain fatty acids
50
Q

What does the absorptive cell absorb?

51
Q

What is this:

  • Rectal wall distends
  • Stretch receptors send sensory nerve impulses to sacral spinal cord
  • Motor impulses to descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus
  • Longitudinal rectal muscles contract internal anal sphincter opens
A

Defecation Reflex

52
Q

How many liters is Saliva?

53
Q

How many liters is Ingestion of liquids?

A

2.3 liters

54
Q

How many liters is gastric juice?

55
Q

How many liters is bile?

56
Q

How many liters is pancreatic juice?

57
Q

How many liters is intestinal juice?

58
Q

What’s the total fluid balance of ingested and secreted?

A

9.3 Liters

59
Q

How many liters of fluid balance is the small intestine?

A

8.3 liters

60
Q

How many liters of fluid balance is the large intestine?

A

0.9 liters

61
Q

What’s the total of absorbed fluid balance?

A

9.2 liters

62
Q

How many liters of fluid balance is ecreted in feces?

A

0.1 Liters

63
Q

What does the pancreas produce?

A

Enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids
Sodium bicarbonate which buffers stomach acid

64
Q

Pancreas empties its contents into what?

A

The duodenum

65
Q

What does the pancreatic amylase break down?

A

Carbohydrates into disaccharides

66
Q

What does the pancreatic lipase break down?

A

Triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids

67
Q

What does the trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase (proteolytic enzymes) break down?

A

Proteins into peptides

68
Q

What does the nuclease break down?

A

Nucleic acids into nucleotides

69
Q

What does NaHCO3 neutralize?

A

Acidic chyme

70
Q

What is this:

  • Metabolizes carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
  • Stores glycogen
  • Filters blood
  • Removes toxins
  • Secretes bile
71
Q

What is the portal circulation?

A

Artery -> Capillary -> Vein -> Capillary -> Vein

72
Q

What is bile?

A

Emulsification of fats

73
Q

What does gallbladder do?

A

Stores bile until needed

74
Q

What does the Duodenal Hormone CCK do?

A

Triggers bile release

Class A&P (17 decks)

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