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MABS Physiology > Restrictive and Obstructive Lung Disease > Flashcards

Restrictive and Obstructive Lung Disease Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four main obstructive pulmonary diseases discusssed?

A

emphysema
chronic bronchitis
asthma
bronchiectasis

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2
Q

what is emphysema?

A

The permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole as a result of destruction of the alveolar walls without significant fibrosis.

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3
Q

what are the three types of emphysema?

A

Centriacinar
Panacinar
Distal acinar

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4
Q

what is Centriacinar?

A

a type of emphysema found Predominantly in upper lung zones.

Associated with smoking & “coal miner’s” pneumoconiosis.

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5
Q

what type of emphysema is associated with smoking & “coal miner’s” pneumoconiosis?

A

Centriacinar

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6
Q

what is Panacinar?

A

type of emphysema. More progressive, and with more severe symptoms because it involves the lower lung zones (areas of greater gas exchange).

Associated with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency.

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7
Q

what type of emphysema is associated with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency.

A

Panacinar

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8
Q

what is alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, this enzyme is associated with this Emphysema Type Panacinar?

A

Cigarette smoke inhibits AAT and causes release of digestive enzymes which digest lung tissue in absence of AAT

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9
Q

what is distal acinar?

A

Focal or multifocal disease.

Involves distal alveolar sacs and ducts, resulting in subpleural blebs and bullae (large ballooning type areas).

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10
Q

this type of emphysema causes spontaneous pneumothorax?

A

distal acinar

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11
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of emphysema?

A

“Pink Puffer,” increased AP diameter, insidious onset

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12
Q

what x-ray markers indicate emphysema?

A

Hyperinflation

Vascular deficiency

Irregular, asymmetric areas of decreased lung density

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13
Q

what is chronic bronchitis?

A

Hypertrophy of the submucosal glands in the trachea and bronchi, and an increase in goblet cells in the small bronchi and bronchioles, leads to excessive mucus production and obstruction.

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14
Q

what are indicators of chronic bronchitis?

A

Presence of a chronic, productive cough for 3 or more months, in at least 2 consecutive years, when all other causes of cough have been excluded

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15
Q

what causes chronic bronchitis?

A

tobacco smoke and other inhaled pollutants, not infection

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16
Q

how does infection relate to chronic bronchitis?

A

Infection appears to be significant in maintaining the disease.

17
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of chronic bronchitis?

A

“Blue Bloater,” usually obese, copious sputum

18
Q

what are the x-ray markers for chronic bronchitis?

A

Bronchial wall thickening

Overinflation

Oligema

19
Q

what is asthma?

A

A chronic, relapsing inflammatory disorder characterized by hyperactive airways, leading to episodic, reversible bronchoconstriction.

20
Q

what are the two types of asthma?

A

extrinsic and intrinsic

21
Q

what is intrinsic asthma?

A

initiated by diverse, non-immune mechanisms (stress, pulmonary infection, exercise, cold, etc.)

22
Q

what is extrinsic asthma?

A

initiated by a type I hypersensitivity reaction, induced by exposure to an extrinsic antigen.

23
Q

what are the clinical manifestations off asthma?

A

Bronchial wall thickening

Air-trapping

Atelectasis

24
Q

what is bronchiectasis?

A

A chronic, necrotizing infection of the bronchi & bronchioles, leading to abnormal, permanent dilatation of the involved airways.

25
Q

what can bronchiectasis develop in association with?

A

Bronchial obstruction: localized (tumor, foreign body) or diffuse (asthma, chronic bronchitis)
Congenital/Hereditary: Cystic fibrosis, Kartagener’s syndrome
Necrotizing pneumonia

26
Q

how is the incidence of bronchiectasis decreased?

A

due to the advent of antibiotics and immunizations

27
Q

what are the major influences associated with bronchiectasis?

A

obstruction and infection

28
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of bronchiectasis?

A

Chronic cough and expectoration of copious, purulent sputum

29
Q

what are the x-ray markers for bronchiectasis?

A

“Tram lines” and “ring shadows”

30
Q

what is COPD a general term for?

A

emphysema, asthma, and chronic bronchitis

31
Q

what are the three lung diseases discussed?

A

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Pneumoconiosis

Sarcoidosis

32
Q

what is Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?

A

Characterized by alveolar wall inflammation resulting in fibrosis

Chest X-ray shows “honeycombing pattern” when advanced

33
Q

what is Pneumoconiosis?

A

Lung impairment caused by inhalation of dusts

Includes silicosis, asbestosis (mesothelioma), etc.

34
Q

what is Sarcoidosis?

A

Granulomatous disease that affects multiple organ systems

Granuloma found are composed of macrophages, epithoidal cells, etc

MABS Physiology (57 decks)

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