Endocrine Glands

Question 1

what endocrine hormones does the pancreas secrete?

Answer 1

alpha
beta
delta

Question 2

alpha cells secrete?

Answer 2

glucagon (increase blood glucose from cells)

Question 3

beta cells secrete?

Answer 3

insulin (take up glucose from the blood)

Question 4

delta cell secrete?

Answer 4

somatostatin (decrease gastric secretion)

Question 5

what is the effect of insulin?

Answer 5

increase glucose uptake in most cells (not muscle), increase glucose use and storage, increase protein and fat synthesis.

Question 6

what is the effect of glucagon?

Answer 6

prevents hypoglycemia by increasing cell production of glucose. Liver is primary target to maintain blood glucose levels.

Question 7

what is Diabetes Type 1?

Answer 7

beta cells destroyed, no insulin produced, chronic fasted state characterized by melting flesh, ketosis, acidosis, glucosurea, diuresis and coma

Question 8

what is Diabetes Type II?

Answer 8

insulin resistance keeps blood glucose too high

problem with receptors, glucagon levels

complications include atherosclerosis, renal failure and blindness

Question 9

how does insulin affect the cell when active?

Answer 9

it binds to tyrosine kinase receptor

receptor phosphorylates insulin receptor substrates

second messenger pathways alter protein synthesis and existing proteins

membrane transport is modified

cell metabolism is changed

Question 10

characteristics of Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 10

onset before age 30
insulinopenia
prone to ketonemia
dependent on insulin to prevent ketoacidosis

Question 11

characteristics of Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 11

onset usually after age 30
85-90% of patients are obese
not prone to ketoacidosis
not dependent on insulin for survival but requires it to control hyperglycemia

Question 12

characteristics of gestational diabetes?

Answer 12

onset during pregnancy

Question 13

characteristics of secondary or other types of diabetes?

Answer 13

related to the specific condition or agent: pancreatic disease, endocinophathies, drugs, or chemical drugs

Question 14

stimulators of insulin secretion?

Answer 14

increase serum glucose
increase serum amino acids
increase serum free fatty acids
increase serum ketone bodies
Hormones like GIP, Glucagon, Gastrin epinephrine B-receptor

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 15

what are the inhibitors of insulin secretion?

Answer 15

decrease glucose
decrease amino acids
decrease free fatty acids
hormones like somatostatin, epinephrine (alpha receptor)

sympathetic nervous system stimulation