lecture 11 End Section -----------------------------------------------------

Question 1

where was long term potentiation first discovered?

Answer 1

on the hippocampus

Question 2

in terms of LTP, what is the effect of repetitive stimulus of a particular synapse?

Answer 2

eventually leads to an increase in strength of the synaptic connection

Question 3

new synaptic connections are are formed from LTP, T/F?

Answer 3

True

Question 4

with regards to LTP, what is input specific?

Answer 4

Only the activated set of synapses onto a particular cell will be potentiated, whereas unactivated synapses to that same neuron remain unpotentiated

Question 5

what does the induction of LTP require?

Answer 5

coincident activity/cooperativity of the presynaptic terminal plus significant depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

Question 6

what neurotransmitter affects LTP and LTD?

Answer 6

glutamate which can activate NMDA and AMPA affecting entry of calcium affecting the LTD and LTP

Question 7

Induction Mechanisms of LTP and LTD…The Calcium Hypothesis

Ca levels for No Stimulus

Answer 7

Ca = 50 - 100 nM

Question 8

Induction Mechanisms of LTP and LTD…The Calcium Hypothesis

Ca levels for Single Stimulus

Answer 8

Ca = 50 - 100 nM

Question 9

Induction Mechanisms of LTP and LTD…The Calcium Hypothesis

Ca levels for Low Frequency Stimulation

Answer 9

180 to 450 nM

Question 10

Induction Mechanisms of LTP and LTD…The Calcium Hypothesis

Ca levels for High Frequency Stimulation

Answer 10

> 600 nM

Question 11

Induction Mechanisms of LTP and LTD…The Calcium Hypothesis

Ca levels for LTP

Answer 11

> 600 nM

Question 12

Induction Mechanisms of LTP and LTD…The Calcium Hypothesis

Ca levels for LTD

Answer 12

180 - 450 nM

Question 13

what is the relationship between synaptic connections and LTD?

Answer 13

Weakening of synaptic connections

Question 14

what is Broca’s aphasia?

Answer 14

Patient will be unable to say what he/she wants to say, fontal lobe affected

Question 15

what is wernicke’s aphasia?

Answer 15

Destruction of the visual and auditory association areas results in an inability to understand the written or spoken words, temporal lobe

Question 16

describe the corpus callosum?

Answer 16

Connects the two hemispheres and transfers information between them

Dominant Hemisphere: understands the spoken word

Non-Dominant Hemisphere: understands written word and can elicit motor response without dominant side knowing why response was performed

Question 17

Immediate memory

Answer 17

last for seconds to minutes

Question 18

Short-term memory

Answer 18

lasts for days to weeks

Question 19

Long-term memory

Answer 19

lasts for years to a lifetime

Question 20

how does long term memory result?

Answer 20

Results from a structural change in synapse → increase area for vesicular release via synthesis of release site proteins → more neurotransmitters are released

During inactive periods, the area decreases in size

Question 21

what is the molecular basis for memory?

Answer 21

Transmitter activates G protein → adenylate cyclase is activated → increase in cAMP

cAMP activates a kinase that phosphorylates a component of the K channel blocking its activity

This prolongs the action potential which increases transmitter release

Question 22

anterograde amnesia?

Answer 22

can’t make new memories; long-term memory is intact

Question 23

retrograde amnesia?

Answer 23

unable to remember memories from the past

Question 24

what is neuronal plasticity?

Answer 24

Ability to change neuronal connections on the basis of experience

New synaptic connections can develop