lecture 8

Question 1

what are the function of the nervous system?

Answer 1

sensory, integrative, and motor functions

Question 2

what is the significance of the named functions of the nervous system?

Answer 2

they provide the nervous system with the ability to rapidly maintain homeostasis

Question 3

how is the nervous system divided?

Answer 3

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

Question 4

how is the central nervous system divided?

Answer 4

into the brain (duramater, arachnoid mater, pia mater) and spinal cord

Question 5

how is the peripheral nervous system divided?

Answer 5

these are everything outside the dura mater and comprise of:

sensory receptors (mechanoreceptors, pain and temperature receptors)

peripheral portions of the spinal and cranial nerves

the peripheral portions of the autonomic nervous system

Question 6

what kind of muscle is generally affected by the somatic motor neuron?

Answer 6

striated muscle (skeletal) which goes from the cell body in the CNS to the effector (muscle) via axon

Question 7

what is involved in the transmission of signals involving the autonomic nervous system for the neuron?

Answer 7

two neurons involved, we see this from the preganglionic axon from the brain or spinal cord and then forms connection with autonomic ganglion which then sends signal to the muscle or gland via post ganglionic axon

Question 8

what are the cells of the nervous system?

Answer 8

neurons and neuroglia

Question 9

what are the characteristics of neurons?

Answer 9

they vary in morphology, conduct impulses from one part of the body to another, and they have specialized regions of the neuron that allow for unidirectional flow of information, very fine control over the information and allows for the information to be very specific

Question 10

what do dendrites do?

Answer 10

carry information to the cell body

Question 11

what do axons do?

Answer 11

carry information away from the body

Question 12

axons can only be myelinated, T/F?

Answer 12

false, they can also be unmyelinated

Question 13

the peripheral only has afferent neurons, T/F?

Answer 13

false, it has both afferent and efferent neurons

Question 14

what are the layers of the peripheral nerve?

Answer 14

epineurium (outer layer covering whole bundle) > Perineurium (covers individual bundles) > within the bundle you have the endoneurium

Question 15

what is the sheath in the CNS called that covers the axon? for the PNS?

Answer 15

myelin sheath; Schwann cells that serve as the myelin sheath for the axons

Question 16

if we say the neuron is sensory is it afferent or efferent?

Answer 16

afferent

Question 17

if we say the neuron is motor, is it afferent or efferent?

Answer 17

efferent

Question 18

what is the thalamus?

Answer 18

relay center between peripheral system and brain; dense cell body

Question 19

what is the hypothalamus?

Answer 19

median eminence communicating with pituitary gland

Question 20

what is significant about the grey matter?

Answer 20

neuron cell bodies, lower motor neurons because upper motor neurons are in the cerebral cortex

Question 21

what is significant about the white matter?

Answer 21

neuronal axons or pathways that collect information from the periphery and send signal to CNS (afferent) or efferent

Question 22

why is there more white matter than grey matter in the cervical than sacral?

Answer 22

because pathways sending signals occur most often in the upper portions of the vertebrae and as you go descend down the vertebrae you have more grey matter than white matter because all the signals have already happened

Question 23

what are the three layers of the spinal cord?

Answer 23

dura mater - very thick, then arachnoid mater, finally pia mater

Question 24

what is significant about the conus medullar is?

Answer 24

end of the spinal cord, L1-L2; they continue and branch out to form the caudal equina before they leave the bony encasement

Question 25

what is the filum terminale?

Answer 25

end portion of the nerve

Question 26

what is the fasciculus gracilis? fasciculus cuneatus?

Answer 26

comes from lower body and collected via proprioception, fine touch and vibration; same as the gracilis but information is collected in the upper body

Question 27

what is spinothalamic tract, like where does it go? same for spinoolivary tract?

Answer 27

comes from spinal cord and goes to the thalamus; goes from spinal cord to the olivary nuclei

Question 28

what is important to note about the lateral spinothalamic tract and the ventral spinothalamic tract in relation to the posterior column containing the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus?

Answer 28

Note that posterior columns containing the fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus (signals from upper or body like proprioception, vibration, fine touch information) affect anterolateral tracts by carrying pain and temperatures sensations upward

Question 29

what does the lateral corticospinal tract do?

Answer 29

it takes signals from cerebral cortex (upper level neurons) and uses descending pathways to reach the motor neurons to effect muscles (lower level neurons)

Question 30

what comprises the diecephalon?

Answer 30

thalamus and the hypothalamus

Question 31

what are the secondary brain vesicles?

Answer 31

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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Question 32

Name the cranial nerves

Answer 32

●	I: Olfactory nerve
●	II: Optic nerve
●	III: Oculomotor nerve
●	IV: Trochlear nerve
●	V: Trigeminal nerve/dentist nerve
●	VI: Abducens nerve
●	VII: Facial nerve
●	VIII: Vestibulocochlear nerve/Auditory nerve
●	IX: Glossopharyngeal nerve
●	X: Vagus nerve
●	XI: Accessory nerve/Spinal accessory nerve
●	XII: Hypoglossal nerve

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Question 33

what are the lobes of the brain?

Answer 33

● Frontal Lobe: main motor functions
● Parietal Lobe: sensory functions
● Temporal Lobe: hearing functions
● Occipital Lobe: visual

Question 34

what is the motor homunculus?

Answer 34

how your brain sees your body, helps to determine how much motor function needs to go to that particular part of the body, facial muscles controlled with fine detail that leg muscles for example