31 structure of nephrons

Question 1

what are the units that filter the blood of the kidney?

Answer 1

glomeruli

Question 2

what is located superiorly to the kidneys?

Answer 2

adrenal glands, super-renal glands

Question 3

of the two kidneys, which one sits higher?

Answer 3

the left kidney supplied by a renal artery from the abdominal aorta

Question 4

which of the major vessels sits more to the right of the body in the abdominal region? why is this significant?

Answer 4

inferior vena cava, the left side renal vein will travel longer to reach the inferior vena cava than compared to the right side

Question 5

what is the function of the ureter?

Answer 5

transports urine toward the urinary bladder and then the urethra excretes the urine

Question 6

describe the path of the vessels through the kidney

Answer 6

renal artery to segmental arteries to lobar and then near the cortex portion you have the interlobular arteries and then it reaches from cortex where you it becomes the arcuate arteries and then interlobular arteries to afferent arteriole and finally to the glomerulus (capillaries) and then leave from the efferent arteriole

Question 7

what happens to filtrate at the bowman’s space?

Answer 7

initial urine is the ultra filtrate and then it moves through a network of tubules where reabsorption occurs. Hydrostatic pressure pushes blood into the sieve like structures of the glomerulus and electrolytes are reabsorbed and based on needs of body hormones can be released to get them back

Question 8

what is the effect of glomeruli closer to the medulla?

Answer 8

leads to higher concentrated urine

Question 9

describe the path of urine once it becomes filtrate?

Answer 9

it comes into the glomeruli and then heads into the proximal tubule followed by loop of henle, this loop has a thin descending part (tDLH) and then a thin ascending part (tALH) then thick ascending part going into distal convoluted tubule then corticocollecting ducts and then minor calyces where you have urine to be excreted

Question 10

describe the blood supply of the kidney?

Answer 10

aorta - renal artery - segmental artery - lobar artery - interlobar artery - arcuate artery - interlobular artery - afferent arteriole - glomerulus (capillaries) - efferent arteriole - peritubular capillaries and vasa recta

peritubular capillaries - interlobular vein - arcuate vein

vasa recta - interlobular vein and arcuate vein

both then branch into interlobar vein - renal vein - inferior vena cava

Question 11

what part of the kidney contains the most concentrated urine?

Answer 11

inner medulla

Question 12

what is the macula densa?

Answer 12

very close in proximity to the afferent arteriole, the fluid is dilute, it monitors concentration of electrolytes (baroreceptors and chemoreceptors communicate with this structure) and if it hypovolemic then hormones are released to maintain homeostasis

located before the distal convoluted tubule starts

Question 13

T/F, the thick ascending loop (TAL) of henle is impermeable to water?

Answer 13

true

Question 14

what diuretic drug did we talk about in class affects the thick ascending loop (TAL)? how does it work?

Answer 14

furosemide; affects TAL which deals with our large percentage of sodium and then switch to another less potent on which affects the distal convoluted part not affecting the ion concentration

Question 15

what is the effect of donating a kidney?

Answer 15

body can still function, it just hypertrophies

Question 16

for boys, what does it mean when there are bubbles that remain in the urine after 10 min?

Answer 16

it indicates that there is protein in the urine

Question 17

what is bowmans space?

Answer 17

space for collection of filtered blood (ultra filtrate or early urine)

Question 18

how do we determine arterial input?

Answer 18

venous output + urine output

Question 19

how do we determine the amount excreted in the urine?

Answer 19

amount filtered - amount reabsorbed + amount secreted