Respiratory Tract Flashcards
1
Q
what do the respiratory consists of?
A
- lungs
- pleura
- air passages leading to lungs:
- nasal cavity
- nostrils
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi & bronchioles = UPPER respiratory
2
Q
what is another name for nostrils?
A
cranial nares
3
Q
what species has the largest cranial nares?
A
horses
4
Q
what species has the most rigid nostrils?
A
pig
5
Q
philtrum
A
- groove in lip & middle of the nose
- separates the nostrils
- carnivores, small ruminants
6
Q
bony nasal apperature
A
- the rostral end of nasal bone
- incisive bone = immoveable nose
7
Q
moveable nose =
A
- nasal cartilages
- ligaments
- skin
8
Q
nasal cartilages
A
- structures giving the nose its physical appearance
- project rostrally from the bony nasal aperture
9
Q
nasal cavity
A
extends from the cranial nares (nostrils) to the caudal nares (choanae)
- (R) &(L) nasal cavity separated by nasal septum
10
Q
rostral conchae consists of what structures? And what does it look like?
A
- dorsal nasal conchae
- ventral nasal conchae
- looks like the letter āEā
11
Q
dorsal meatus
A
narrow passageway between the dorsal nasal conchae and nasal bones
12
Q
ventral meatus
A
- the largest meatus located between the ventral nasal conchae and hard palate
- leads directly to nasopharynx
13
Q
middle meatus
A
passageway between dorsal nasal conchae and ventral nasal conchae
14
Q
common meatus
A
narrow vertical space between the nasal septum and the conchae, roof to floor of cavity
15
Q
paranasal sinus
A
- air-filled cavities within some of the bones of the skull
- lined by mucous membrane
- communicate with the nasal cavity
- maxillary sinus: in maxillary bone
16
Q
pharynx
A
- passageway for digestive and respiratory systems
- connects nasal cavity & trachea
- connects oral cavity & esophagus
- directs food and air to proper channels
- SOFT PALATE divides rostral portion of pharynx
17
Q
nasopharynx
A
- dorsal to the soft palate
- extends from caudal nares to laryngopharynx
18
Q
ororpharynx
A
- ventral to the soft palate
- extends from the oral cavity to the base of the epiglottis
19
Q
laryngopharynx
A
- part of the pharynx where air crosses from the nasopharynx to the larynx
- part of digestive & respiratory tracts
20
Q
soft palate
A
- caudal soft tissue continuation of the hard palate
- divides the rostral part of the pharynx into the oropharynx and the nasopharynx
21
Q
what are the openings of the pharynx?
A
- caudal nares
- pharyngeal openings
22
Q
laryngeal opening
A
opening into the larynx surrounded by rostral laryngeal cartilage
23
Q
esophageal opening
A
opening at the caudal end of the laryngopharynx into the esophagus
24
Q
larynx
A
- upper end of wind-pipe
- connects laryngopharynx to trachea
- contains vocal cords
25
hyoid apparatus
connected bones that serve attachment platform for the tongue & larynx
26
what bones are consisted in the hyoid apparatus?
- tympanohyoid
- Stylohyoid
- Epihyoid
- Ceratohyoid
- Basihyoid: unpaired bone that crosses midline
- Thyrohyoid
(S)ick (E)lephants (C)an (B)e (T)reated!!
27
epiglottic cartilage
- rostral-most cartilage
- gives structure to epiglottis
- attached to root of the tongue, basihyoid, thyroid cartilage
28
thyroid cartilage
- largest cartilage
- 2 lateral plates that join ventrally, BUT open dorsally
- forms MAJOR part of the laryngeal floor
- "adam's apple"
29
cricoid cartilage
- signet ring-shaped
- connects the thyroid cartilage to the trachea
30
arytenoid cartilage
- paired
- articulates medially with rostrodorsal border of cricoid cartilage
31
lateral ventricles of the larynx
- lateral depressions just cranial to the vocal folds
- allow vocal cord lateral movement
32
what are the muscles of the larynx?
- dorsal & lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
- vocalis muscle
- cricothyroid muscle
33
epiglottic entrapment (horses)
- epiglottis is stuck within the aryepiglottic fold
- causes exercise intolerance
34
laryngeal paralysis
- "roaring" sound -> rasping
- horses & dogs
- unilateral or bilateral
35
annular ligaments
fibroelastic tissue uniting tracheal cartilages
36
trachealis muscle
smooth muscle connecting the open, dorsal ends of the tracheal cartilages
37
trachea
carries air from the larynx to the lungs
- contains cartilaginous rings to prevent collapse of the tracheal airway
38
respiratory tree
- the trachea divides into left & right primary bronchi
- primary bronchi -> secondary (lobar) bronchi -> tertiary (segmental) bronchi -> bronchioles
39
bronchus
- airway
- no gas exchange occurs here
40
bronchioles
- smaller airways
- do NOT contain cartilage or submucosal glands
41
alveoli
- site for gas diffusion between air & blood
- a single layer of epithelial cells & elastic fibers
- secrete surfactant
- reduce surface tension of water
42
lungs
- respiratory system
- occupy all space in thoracic cavity
- covered by pulmonary visceral pleura
43
what other structures are associated with the lungs?
- cardiac notch
- tracheobronchial lymph nodes
44
goblet cells
mucus secreting cells
45
serous glands
watery nasal discharge
46
mucus glands
mucoid nasal discharge
47
what are the 2 kinds of alveolar epithelium?
- type (I) pneumocytes
- gas exchange
- type (II) pneumocytes
- cuboidal cells
- secret surfactant
48
alveolar macrophages
phagocytic cells derived from monocytes
49
guttural pouch
- large, ventral diverticula of the auditory tubes in the HORSE
- cranial nerves ( IX, X, XII )
- stylohyoid bone partially separates the pouch into lateral & medial compartments
50
brachycephalic airway syndrome
- short nose dogs
- elongated soft palate
- too long = tip protrudes into the airway
- stenotic nares
- hypoplastic trachea
51
bronchial circulation
supplies blood to conducting airways down to the level of the terminal bronchioles
