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ANSC 301: Anatomy > Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

what do the respiratory consists of?

A
  • lungs
  • pleura
  • air passages leading to lungs:
    • nasal cavity
    • nostrils
    • pharynx
    • larynx
    • trachea
    • bronchi & bronchioles = UPPER respiratory
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2
Q

what is another name for nostrils?

A

cranial nares

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3
Q

what species has the largest cranial nares?

A

horses

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4
Q

what species has the most rigid nostrils?

A

pig

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5
Q

philtrum

A
  • groove in lip & middle of the nose
  • separates the nostrils
  • carnivores, small ruminants
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6
Q

bony nasal apperature

A
  • the rostral end of nasal bone
  • incisive bone = immoveable nose
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7
Q

moveable nose =

A
  • nasal cartilages
  • ligaments
  • skin
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8
Q

nasal cartilages

A
  • structures giving the nose its physical appearance
  • project rostrally from the bony nasal aperture
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9
Q

nasal cavity

A

extends from the cranial nares (nostrils) to the caudal nares (choanae)
- (R) &(L) nasal cavity separated by nasal septum

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10
Q

rostral conchae consists of what structures? And what does it look like?

A
  • dorsal nasal conchae
  • ventral nasal conchae
  • looks like the letter “E”
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11
Q

dorsal meatus

A

narrow passageway between the dorsal nasal conchae and nasal bones

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12
Q

ventral meatus

A
  • the largest meatus located between the ventral nasal conchae and hard palate
  • leads directly to nasopharynx
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13
Q

middle meatus

A

passageway between dorsal nasal conchae and ventral nasal conchae

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14
Q

common meatus

A

narrow vertical space between the nasal septum and the conchae, roof to floor of cavity

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15
Q

paranasal sinus

A
  • air-filled cavities within some of the bones of the skull
  • lined by mucous membrane
  • communicate with the nasal cavity
  • maxillary sinus: in maxillary bone
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16
Q

pharynx

A
  • passageway for digestive and respiratory systems
  • connects nasal cavity & trachea
  • connects oral cavity & esophagus
  • directs food and air to proper channels
  • SOFT PALATE divides rostral portion of pharynx
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17
Q

nasopharynx

A
  • dorsal to the soft palate
  • extends from caudal nares to laryngopharynx
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18
Q

ororpharynx

A
  • ventral to the soft palate
  • extends from the oral cavity to the base of the epiglottis
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19
Q

laryngopharynx

A
  • part of the pharynx where air crosses from the nasopharynx to the larynx
  • part of digestive & respiratory tracts
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20
Q

soft palate

A
  • caudal soft tissue continuation of the hard palate
  • divides the rostral part of the pharynx into the oropharynx and the nasopharynx
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21
Q

what are the openings of the pharynx?

A
  • caudal nares
  • pharyngeal openings
22
Q

laryngeal opening

A

opening into the larynx surrounded by rostral laryngeal cartilage

23
Q

esophageal opening

A

opening at the caudal end of the laryngopharynx into the esophagus

24
Q

larynx

A
  • upper end of wind-pipe
  • connects laryngopharynx to trachea
  • contains vocal cords
25
Q

hyoid apparatus

A

connected bones that serve attachment platform for the tongue & larynx

26
Q

what bones are consisted in the hyoid apparatus?

A
  • tympanohyoid
  • Stylohyoid
  • Epihyoid
  • Ceratohyoid
  • Basihyoid: unpaired bone that crosses midline
  • Thyrohyoid

(S)ick (E)lephants (C)an (B)e (T)reated!!

27
Q

epiglottic cartilage

A
  • rostral-most cartilage
  • gives structure to epiglottis
  • attached to root of the tongue, basihyoid, thyroid cartilage
28
Q

thyroid cartilage

A
  • largest cartilage
  • 2 lateral plates that join ventrally, BUT open dorsally
  • forms MAJOR part of the laryngeal floor
  • “adam’s apple”
29
Q

cricoid cartilage

A
  • signet ring-shaped
  • connects the thyroid cartilage to the trachea
30
Q

arytenoid cartilage

A
  • paired
  • articulates medially with rostrodorsal border of cricoid cartilage
31
Q

lateral ventricles of the larynx

A
  • lateral depressions just cranial to the vocal folds
  • allow vocal cord lateral movement
32
Q

what are the muscles of the larynx?

A
  • dorsal & lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
  • vocalis muscle
  • cricothyroid muscle
33
Q

epiglottic entrapment (horses)

A
  • epiglottis is stuck within the aryepiglottic fold
  • causes exercise intolerance
34
Q

laryngeal paralysis

A
  • “roaring” sound -> rasping
  • horses & dogs
  • unilateral or bilateral
35
Q

annular ligaments

A

fibroelastic tissue uniting tracheal cartilages

36
Q

trachealis muscle

A

smooth muscle connecting the open, dorsal ends of the tracheal cartilages

37
Q

trachea

A

carries air from the larynx to the lungs

  • contains cartilaginous rings to prevent collapse of the tracheal airway
38
Q

respiratory tree

A
  • the trachea divides into left & right primary bronchi
  • primary bronchi -> secondary (lobar) bronchi -> tertiary (segmental) bronchi -> bronchioles
39
Q

bronchus

A
  • airway
  • no gas exchange occurs here
40
Q

bronchioles

A
  • smaller airways
  • do NOT contain cartilage or submucosal glands
41
Q

alveoli

A
  • site for gas diffusion between air & blood
  • a single layer of epithelial cells & elastic fibers
  • secrete surfactant
    • reduce surface tension of water
42
Q

lungs

A
  • respiratory system
  • occupy all space in thoracic cavity
  • covered by pulmonary visceral pleura
43
Q

what other structures are associated with the lungs?

A
  • cardiac notch
  • tracheobronchial lymph nodes
44
Q

goblet cells

A

mucus secreting cells

45
Q

serous glands

A

watery nasal discharge

46
Q

mucus glands

A

mucoid nasal discharge

47
Q

what are the 2 kinds of alveolar epithelium?

A
  • type (I) pneumocytes
    • gas exchange
  • type (II) pneumocytes
    • cuboidal cells
    • secret surfactant
48
Q

alveolar macrophages

A

phagocytic cells derived from monocytes

49
Q

guttural pouch

A
  • large, ventral diverticula of the auditory tubes in the HORSE
  • cranial nerves ( IX, X, XII )
  • stylohyoid bone partially separates the pouch into lateral & medial compartments
50
Q

brachycephalic airway syndrome

A
  • short nose dogs
  • elongated soft palate
    • too long = tip protrudes into the airway
  • stenotic nares
  • hypoplastic trachea
51
Q

bronchial circulation

A

supplies blood to conducting airways down to the level of the terminal bronchioles

ANSC 301: Anatomy (23 decks)

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