Respiratory Tract Flashcards
what do the respiratory consists of?
- lungs
- pleura
- air passages leading to lungs:
- nasal cavity
- nostrils
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi & bronchioles = UPPER respiratory
what is another name for nostrils?
cranial nares
what species has the largest cranial nares?
horses
what species has the most rigid nostrils?
pig
philtrum
- groove in lip & middle of the nose
- separates the nostrils
- carnivores, small ruminants
bony nasal apperature
- the rostral end of nasal bone
- incisive bone = immoveable nose
moveable nose =
- nasal cartilages
- ligaments
- skin
nasal cartilages
- structures giving the nose its physical appearance
- project rostrally from the bony nasal aperture
nasal cavity
extends from the cranial nares (nostrils) to the caudal nares (choanae)
- (R) &(L) nasal cavity separated by nasal septum
rostral conchae consists of what structures? And what does it look like?
- dorsal nasal conchae
- ventral nasal conchae
- looks like the letter “E”
dorsal meatus
narrow passageway between the dorsal nasal conchae and nasal bones
ventral meatus
- the largest meatus located between the ventral nasal conchae and hard palate
- leads directly to nasopharynx
middle meatus
passageway between dorsal nasal conchae and ventral nasal conchae
common meatus
narrow vertical space between the nasal septum and the conchae, roof to floor of cavity
paranasal sinus
- air-filled cavities within some of the bones of the skull
- lined by mucous membrane
- communicate with the nasal cavity
- maxillary sinus: in maxillary bone
pharynx
- passageway for digestive and respiratory systems
- connects nasal cavity & trachea
- connects oral cavity & esophagus
- directs food and air to proper channels
- SOFT PALATE divides rostral portion of pharynx
nasopharynx
- dorsal to the soft palate
- extends from caudal nares to laryngopharynx
ororpharynx
- ventral to the soft palate
- extends from the oral cavity to the base of the epiglottis
laryngopharynx
- part of the pharynx where air crosses from the nasopharynx to the larynx
- part of digestive & respiratory tracts
soft palate
- caudal soft tissue continuation of the hard palate
- divides the rostral part of the pharynx into the oropharynx and the nasopharynx
what are the openings of the pharynx?
- caudal nares
- pharyngeal openings
laryngeal opening
opening into the larynx surrounded by rostral laryngeal cartilage
esophageal opening
opening at the caudal end of the laryngopharynx into the esophagus
larynx
- upper end of wind-pipe
- connects laryngopharynx to trachea
- contains vocal cords
hyoid apparatus
connected bones that serve attachment platform for the tongue & larynx
what bones are consisted in the hyoid apparatus?
- tympanohyoid
- Stylohyoid
- Epihyoid
- Ceratohyoid
- Basihyoid: unpaired bone that crosses midline
- Thyrohyoid
(S)ick (E)lephants (C)an (B)e (T)reated!!
epiglottic cartilage
- rostral-most cartilage
- gives structure to epiglottis
- attached to root of the tongue, basihyoid, thyroid cartilage
thyroid cartilage
- largest cartilage
- 2 lateral plates that join ventrally, BUT open dorsally
- forms MAJOR part of the laryngeal floor
- “adam’s apple”
cricoid cartilage
- signet ring-shaped
- connects the thyroid cartilage to the trachea
arytenoid cartilage
- paired
- articulates medially with rostrodorsal border of cricoid cartilage
lateral ventricles of the larynx
- lateral depressions just cranial to the vocal folds
- allow vocal cord lateral movement
what are the muscles of the larynx?
- dorsal & lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
- vocalis muscle
- cricothyroid muscle
epiglottic entrapment (horses)
- epiglottis is stuck within the aryepiglottic fold
- causes exercise intolerance
laryngeal paralysis
- “roaring” sound -> rasping
- horses & dogs
- unilateral or bilateral
annular ligaments
fibroelastic tissue uniting tracheal cartilages
trachealis muscle
smooth muscle connecting the open, dorsal ends of the tracheal cartilages
trachea
carries air from the larynx to the lungs
- contains cartilaginous rings to prevent collapse of the tracheal airway
respiratory tree
- the trachea divides into left & right primary bronchi
- primary bronchi -> secondary (lobar) bronchi -> tertiary (segmental) bronchi -> bronchioles
bronchus
- airway
- no gas exchange occurs here
bronchioles
- smaller airways
- do NOT contain cartilage or submucosal glands
alveoli
- site for gas diffusion between air & blood
- a single layer of epithelial cells & elastic fibers
- secrete surfactant
- reduce surface tension of water
lungs
- respiratory system
- occupy all space in thoracic cavity
- covered by pulmonary visceral pleura
what other structures are associated with the lungs?
- cardiac notch
- tracheobronchial lymph nodes
goblet cells
mucus secreting cells
serous glands
watery nasal discharge
mucus glands
mucoid nasal discharge
what are the 2 kinds of alveolar epithelium?
- type (I) pneumocytes
- gas exchange
- type (II) pneumocytes
- cuboidal cells
- secret surfactant
alveolar macrophages
phagocytic cells derived from monocytes
guttural pouch
- large, ventral diverticula of the auditory tubes in the HORSE
- cranial nerves ( IX, X, XII )
- stylohyoid bone partially separates the pouch into lateral & medial compartments
brachycephalic airway syndrome
- short nose dogs
- elongated soft palate
- too long = tip protrudes into the airway
- stenotic nares
- hypoplastic trachea
bronchial circulation
supplies blood to conducting airways down to the level of the terminal bronchioles
