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ANSC 301: Anatomy > GI Tract > Flashcards

GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 tunics of the GI tract?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis
  • Serosa or adventitia
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2
Q

What are the three parts of the mucosa?

A

a. Epithelium
b. Lamina propria
c. Muscularis propria

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3
Q

difference between Meissner’s and Myenteric nerve plexus?

A

Meissner’s nerve plexus: contains sympathetic & parasympathetic fibers

Myenteric nerve plexus: parasympathetic terminal ganglia & autonomic fibers between muscle layers

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4
Q

What muscle type is found in the GI tract?

A

Tunica mucosa

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5
Q

What are the two layers of the tunica muscularis (in the typical gut section)?

A
  1. The inner circular muscle layer forms sphincters
  2. The Outer longitudinal muscle layer may form longitudinal bands (tenia)
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6
Q

whats the difference between an adventitia and serosa?

A

Adventitia: an ill-defined layer of connective tissue blending with surrounding connective tissue

Serosa: thin connective tissue layer covered by mesothelium
- Aka the visceral peritoneum

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7
Q

what are the type of epithelium found in the mouth, esophagus, tongue, stomach (different species), small intestine, large intestine, and rectum.

A

Mouth: stratified squamous epithelium

Esophagus: thick stratified squamous epithelium

Tongue: stratified squamous epithelium

Stomach: simple columnar epithelium

Small intestine: simple columnar epithelium

Large intestine: simple columnar epithelium

Rectum: stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

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8
Q

Philtrum

A

median cleft of the upper lip in carnivores and small ruminants

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9
Q

Palatine rugae

A

the anterior part of the palatal mucosa that forms ridges

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10
Q

Dental pad

A

present in ruminants, located on the rostral end of the hard palate, and replaces the upper incisors

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11
Q

Incisive papilla

A

small median swelling behind the incisor teeth. And incisive ducts to the vomeronasal glands

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12
Q

Sublingual caruncles

A

mucosal elevations on the floor of the oral cavity under the tongue and just caudal to the incisors

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13
Q

Lingual frenulum

A

the Central fold of mucous membrane connecting the floor of the oral cavity and the ventral surface of the tongue

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14
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the lips?

A

Cranial nerve V = trigeminal nerve

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15
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the muscles of mastication? Which branch?

A

The mandibular nerve is the branch of the trigeminal nerve

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16
Q

list the muscles of mastication

A
  • Innervated by the mandibular nerve
  • Temporalis
  • Masseter
  • Pterygoideus medialis
  • Pterygoideus lateralis
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17
Q

filiform papillae (cats & cattle)

A

a. mechanical- functions to direct food caudally
b. found on the dorsal surface of the rostral 2/3 of the
tongue
c. apical processes are keratinized and point caudally
d. large & rough -> found for grooming

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18
Q

conical papillae (NOT found in horses)

A

a. mechanical
b. located on the root of the tongue and the inner surface
of the cheek
c. Large, with keratinized epithelium and a large
connective tissue core

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19
Q

lenticular papillae (ruminants)

A

a. mechanical
b. large & grossly visible (lentil shaped)
c. keratinized
d. found on the dorsal prominence of the tongue

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20
Q

fungiform papillae (humans & herbivores)

A

a. possibly mechanical & gustatory
b. scattered rostral dorsal surface of the tongue
c. maybe be keratinized in herbivores

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21
Q

circumvallate papillae (pigs, horses, carnivores, ruminants)

A

a. gustatory
b. “V” shaped at the rostral border of the root on the
tongue
c. Each papillae is surrounded by a depression -> moat
d. Pigs/horses (1 pair)
e. Carnivores (2-3 pairs)
f. Ruminants (many pairs)

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22
Q

foliate papillae (pigs, horses, carnivores, rabbits)

A

a. gustatory
b. leaf-like and separated by furrows
c. found in a row in the lateral margin of the tongue

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23
Q

difference between the parotid salivary gland secretions and the mandibular salivary gland secretions?

A

parotid salivary gland secretions:
produces serous secretions. Molded around the ventral part of the ear cartilage. The duct opens in the vestibule of the mouth

 - dog -> ducts run over the masseter muscle
 - larger animals -> duct runs along the angle of the jaw

mandibular salivary gland secretions:
produces mixed mucous and serous secretions. Close to the angle of the jaw. And duct runs ventrally along the floor of the mouth and opens into the sublingual caruncle.

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24
Q

Is the esophagus dorsal or ventral to the trachea?

A

dorsal

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25
Q

which parts of the GI tract have submucosal glands

A

esohpagus & duodenum

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26
Q

Which species of animals have striated muscle only in the proximal portion of the esophagus?

A

dog

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27
Q

Where does the greater omentum attach to the stomach? The lesser omentum?

A

The greater omentum attaches to the stomach of the transverse colon. And the lesser omentum attaches the stomach and duodenum to the liver.

28
Q

Cardia

A

opening or part of the stomach around the opening. And closest to the heart

29
Q

fundus

A

blind; expanded portion of the stomach

30
Q

body

A

largest part of the stomach

31
Q

pylorus

A

the distal opening of the stomach. Surrounded by a strong band of circular muscle (pyloric sphincter)

32
Q

What is the margo plicatus and which two species of animals have it?

A

Separates the glandular and non-glandular parts of the stomach

horses &p pigs

33
Q

Cardiac glands

A
  • found near the esophagus and are small
  • Contains predominantly mucus cells.
  • Pits & glands may be short.
  • wide lumen
34
Q

Fundic glands

A
  • the largest region (except in pigs), with the greatest variety of cell types in glands.
  • In horses and pigs, the stomach also contains a non-glandular area of the esophageal region which is lined by stratified squamous epithelium
35
Q

body glands

A

gastric folds (rugae) is seen when the stomach is empty

36
Q

Pyloric glands

A
  • near the pylorus region
  • deepest pits and the shortest coiled glands.
  • Thickest tunica muscularis
37
Q

What are the two main types of cells in fundic glands? What do they secrete? Which one is pink and which one is purple?

A

Parietal cells: secrete hydrochloric acid
- eosinophilic, round
- pink
Chief cells: Secrete proteases (trypsin & chymotrypsin)
- Basophilic, angular
- purple

38
Q

What are the three layers of smooth muscle in the stomach?

A
  1. Inner oblique
  2. Middle circular (sphincters)
  3. Outer longitudinal layer
39
Q

What branch of the aorta supplies the stomach?

A

celiac artery

40
Q

What are the three main branches of the celiac artery?

A
  1. Left gastric artery
  2. Splenic artery
  3. Hepatic artery
41
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the small intestine? Which is most proximal? Which is the longest section? Which section has mesentery on two sides? Which section has the longest villi? Which section has Peyer’s patches?

A
  1. Duodenum
    - Most proximal
    - Short & right
  2. Jejunum
    - 90% of the small intestines
    - Longest section
    - Longest villi
  3. Ileum
    - Empties into large intestines
    - Short terminal section of the small intestines
    - Peyer’s patches
  • The mesentery is attached to the jejunum & ileum
42
Q

what are the different cell types found in the small intestinal mucosa?

A
  • Undifferentiated crypt cells (stem cells)
  • Intestinal absorptive cells = enterocytes
  • Goblet cells:
  • Enteroendocrine cells
  • Paneth cells
  • M (microfold) cells
43
Q

Undifferentiated crypt cells (stem cells)

A
  • Located basal portion of the crypt
  • Divide to give rise to other types of epithelial cells of the
    intestine
  • replaced every few days
44
Q

Intestinal absorptive cells = enterocytes

A
  • Columnar with microvilli
  • Numerous on the surface of villi in the small intestine, also
    on the luminal surface of the large intestine
45
Q

Goblet cells

A
  • secrete protective mucin
  • Increase in numbers distally in the intestine
46
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A
  • Scattered throughout the epithelium
  • Important in the hormonal regulation of the GU functions
47
Q

Paneth cells

A
  • Produce bactericidal substances
  • Found in only the base of the gland
  • Horses, ruminants, and man
  • Control the microflora of the crypt
48
Q

M (microfold) cells

A
  • special epithelial cells located over lymphatic nodules
  • Have blunt microvilli or ridges
  • Intraepithelial lymphocytes
49
Q

How is lymph pumped out of lacteals into larger lymphatic vessels?

A

Rhythmic contraction of the smooth muscle

50
Q

What section of the small intestine has submucosal glands? What is another name for them?

A
  • Duodenum and found in the esophagus
  • “Brunner’s glands”
51
Q

What are Peyer’s Patches? Are they on the mesenteric or antimesenteric side?

A

Peyer’s patches:
a group of well-organized lymphoid follicles that contain germinal centers.

  • on the anti-mesenteric side.
52
Q

Know the 3 divisions of the large intestine.

A
  1. Cecum
  2. Colon
  3. Rectum
53
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the colon?

A

Majority length of the large intestine

  1. Ascending colon (right colic flexure)
  2. Transverse colon
  3. Descending colon (left colic flexure)
54
Q

which species has a spiral colon

A

pigs

  • Modified ascending colon
  • Outer centripetal turns
    - Toward center
  • Inner centripetal turns
    - Away from the center
  • Central flexure
55
Q

what is the difference between the structure of the mucosa in the small intestine and the large intestine?

A

Small intestine of the mucosa:
- Intestinal villi are finger-like projections of the epithelium
and lamina propria
- Circular folds
- Include villi

Large intestine of the mucosa:
- No villi
- Surface epithelium is smooth
- Longitudinal folds in some areas
- deep mucosal glands that open onto the luminal surface
- thicker

56
Q

which branch of the abdominal aorta supplies the: stomach (dog), small intestine, descending colon and rectum?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

57
Q

Which branch of the celiac artery supplies the duodenum?

A

Hepatic branch of the celiac artery

58
Q

What structures are supplied by the caudal mesenteric artery?

A

Descending colon & rectum

59
Q

Of the celiac, cranial mesenteric, and caudal mesenteric arteries, know which is the most cranial and which is the most caudal.

A

Cranial mesenteric artery: most cranial

Caudal mesenteric artery: most caudal

60
Q

What major vein drains the stomach and intestines?

A

Superior mesenteric vein

61
Q

which side of the body the following are on (left or right): Duodenum (dog), Descending colon (dog), Cecum (dog), Cecum (pig)

A

Duodenum (dog): right
Descending colon (dog): left
Cecum (dog): right
Cecum (pig): left

62
Q

What layer of the large intestine (be as specific as possible) forms the tenia?

A

Muscularis:
- Outer longitudinal layer forms bands (tenia) in the cecum
and colon of the horse and pig
- Many elastic fibers

63
Q

Anal sac glands

A
  • Found in carnivores and some rodents
  • Pea to marble-sized
  • Perisaccular glands secrete into the neck of the anal sac or directly into its duct
64
Q

Anal glands

A

simple glands that secrete directly into the anal canal

65
Q

list of circumanal glands (perianal glands)

A
  1. Sebaceous or non-sebaceous glands
  2. Suderiferous
  3. Hepatoid

ANSC 301: Anatomy (23 decks)

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