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ANSC 301: Anatomy > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

what are the pleura structures in the thoracic cavity?

A
  • parietal pleura
  • visceral pleura
  • pluera cavity (potential space)
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2
Q

what structures are contained within the mediastinum?

A
  • heart
  • esophagus
  • trachea
    -thymus
  • vessels
  • nerves
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3
Q

which animals have incomplete mediastinum?

A
  • horse
  • sheep
  • dog
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4
Q

what is the order of the structures that blood passes through from the vena cava to the systemic circulation? know whether oxygenated or deoxygenated blood is found in these structures.

A

vena cava -> (R) atrium -> tricuspid valve -> (R) ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary artery -> pulmonary capillaries —> pulmonary vein -> (L) atrium -> mitral valve -> (L) ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta -> systemic capillaries -> systemic veins

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5
Q

apex

A
  • pointed
  • free-end
  • directed caudally & ventrally
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6
Q

base

A
  • directed cranially & dorsally
  • continuous with large arteries and veins
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7
Q

where is the structure of the apex located in the heart?

A

left ventricle

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8
Q

where is the heart located in the thoracic cavity?

A
  • between 2nd - 6th vertebrae
  • L side of heart deviates off of midline
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9
Q

what is the structure of the pericardium?

A
  • fibrous sac that the heart is pushed into during development
  • divided into the fibrous & serous percardia
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10
Q

3 layers of the heart wall

A
  1. epicardium
  2. myocardium
  3. endocardium
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11
Q

the names of the R/L A-V valves

A

right atrioventricular valves:
- tricuspid valve (3 flaps)
- dogs ONLY have 2 flaps

left atrioventricular valves:
- mitral valve (2 flaps)

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12
Q

the names of the R/L semilunar valves

A

right semilunar valve
- pulmonic valve

left semilunar valve
- aortic valve

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13
Q

pericardium

A

fibrous sac of the heart that is pushed into during development

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14
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

strong outer covering

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15
Q

visceral pericardium

A

composed of single layer of serosal covering entire heart

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16
Q

parietal pericardium

A

outer-layer of pericardium; thin sac

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17
Q

pericardial space

A
  • potential space between visceral & parietal pericardium
  • contains small amount of fluid for lubrication
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18
Q

coronary groove

A
  • separates the atria from the ventricles
  • contains the L circumflex & R coronary arteries/ veins
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19
Q

interventricular groove

A

descend from coronary groove
- divide L/R ventricles

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20
Q

chordae tendinae

A

tough fibrous cords that are extensions of the valve leaflets

21
Q

moderator band

A

thin muscular strand that runs from the

inter ventricular septum -> free wall -> right ventricle

22
Q

interventricular septum

A

triangular wall of cardia tissue that separates L/R ventricles

23
Q

auricles

A

ear shaped structures attached to each atria

24
Q

papillary muscles

A

pillar shaped muscles; within the cavity of the ventricles, attached to their walls

25
Q

trabeculae carneae

A

rounded or irregular muscular columns; project from the inner surface to the R/L ventricles

26
Q

fossa ovale

A

depressed structure; located in the inferior aspect of the R inreratrial septum

27
Q

ligamentum arteriosum

A
  • ## connects descending aorta to left pulmonary artery
28
Q

which side of the heart has thicker walls?
(R or L)

A

left

29
Q

3 segments of the aorta

A
  1. ascending aorta
  2. transverse arch
  3. descending aorta
30
Q

what structures emerge from the transverse arch of the aorta?

A

brachiocephalic trunk & (L) subclavian artery

31
Q

coronary vasculature of the dog

A

artery*

32
Q

3 layers of the arterial wall

A
  1. intima
  2. media
  3. adventitia
33
Q

arterioles

A

small branch leading to capillaries

34
Q

capillaries

A

blood vessels; transport blood, nutrients, & oxygen through body

35
Q

veins

A

blood vessels

36
Q

venules

A

very small vein; collects from capillaries

37
Q

what is blood composed of?
(cells)

A
  • erythrocytes
  • leukocytes
  • platelets
38
Q

erythrocytes

A
  • contain hemoglobin
  • 2 heme groups & 2 polypeptide groups
    • 2 alpha globulins
    • 2 beta globulins
39
Q

leukocytes

A
  • granulocytes (have granules)
    • neutrophils
    • basophils
    • esinophils
  • agranulocytes (DON’T have granules)
    • lymphyoctes
    • monocytes
    • platelets
40
Q

platelets

A
  • small & NO nucleus
  • role: clotting blood
  • small pink granules
  • formed by megakaryocytes in bone marrow
41
Q

red blood cells

A
  • bioconcave disc
  • increase surface area to volume ratio
  • Formed: bone marrow
  • NO nucleus
  • life span: 120 days
42
Q

neutrophils

A

granules stain neither red or purple
- phagocytize material
- targets: bacteria & fungi
- contain:
- hydrogen peroxide
- collagenase
- lactoferrin
- life span: short ( hours - few days)
- multilobed nucleus
- 60~70% white blood cells

43
Q

eosinophils

A
  • pink granules
  • bilobed nucleus
  • participate:
    • parasitic & allergy reactions
  • contain:
    • histamine
    • peroxidase
    • ribonuclease
    • deoxyribonuclease
    • etc…
  • life span: 8-12 days
44
Q

basophils

A
  • granules stain purple
  • NOT phagocytic
  • similar to mass cells found in tissue
  • role: allergic responses
  • contain:
    • histamine
    • bradykinin
    • serotonin
    • lysosomal enzymes
  • life span: few hours to days
  • bilobed/trilobed nucleus
45
Q

lymphyocytes

A
  • round nucleus
  • small amount of blue cytoplasm
  • immune response:
    • natural killer cells
    • T lymphocytes
    • B lymphocytes
46
Q

natural killer lymphyocytes

A
  • innate immune system
  • destroys tumor cells & virally infected cells
47
Q

T lymphyocytes

A
  • formed by bone marrow
  • mature in thymus
  • cell-mediated immunity
  • 2 MAJOR subtypes:
    1) helper T cells:
    - releases substances; regulate other immune cells
    2) cytotoxic T cells:
    - destroys virally infected cells, tumor cells
48
Q

B lymphocytes

A
  • mature in bone marrow
  • humoral response (secretes antibodies)
49
Q

monocytes

A
  • blue cytoplasm
  • nucleus NOT round
    • bean shaped, horse-shoe shaped
  • produce in bone marrow
  • circulate briefly in blood, migrate into tissues
  • mature in macrophages

ANSC 301: Anatomy (23 decks)

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