Heart Flashcards
what are the pleura structures in the thoracic cavity?
- parietal pleura
- visceral pleura
- pluera cavity (potential space)
what structures are contained within the mediastinum?
- heart
- esophagus
- trachea
-thymus - vessels
- nerves
which animals have incomplete mediastinum?
- horse
- sheep
- dog
what is the order of the structures that blood passes through from the vena cava to the systemic circulation? know whether oxygenated or deoxygenated blood is found in these structures.
vena cava -> (R) atrium -> tricuspid valve -> (R) ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary artery -> pulmonary capillaries —> pulmonary vein -> (L) atrium -> mitral valve -> (L) ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta -> systemic capillaries -> systemic veins
apex
- pointed
- free-end
- directed caudally & ventrally
base
- directed cranially & dorsally
- continuous with large arteries and veins
where is the structure of the apex located in the heart?
left ventricle
where is the heart located in the thoracic cavity?
- between 2nd - 6th vertebrae
- L side of heart deviates off of midline
what is the structure of the pericardium?
- fibrous sac that the heart is pushed into during development
- divided into the fibrous & serous percardia
3 layers of the heart wall
- epicardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
the names of the R/L A-V valves
right atrioventricular valves:
- tricuspid valve (3 flaps)
- dogs ONLY have 2 flaps
left atrioventricular valves:
- mitral valve (2 flaps)
the names of the R/L semilunar valves
right semilunar valve
- pulmonic valve
left semilunar valve
- aortic valve
pericardium
fibrous sac of the heart that is pushed into during development
fibrous pericardium
strong outer covering
visceral pericardium
composed of single layer of serosal covering entire heart
parietal pericardium
outer-layer of pericardium; thin sac
pericardial space
- potential space between visceral & parietal pericardium
- contains small amount of fluid for lubrication
coronary groove
- separates the atria from the ventricles
- contains the L circumflex & R coronary arteries/ veins
interventricular groove
descend from coronary groove
- divide L/R ventricles
chordae tendinae
tough fibrous cords that are extensions of the valve leaflets
moderator band
thin muscular strand that runs from the
inter ventricular septum -> free wall -> right ventricle
interventricular septum
triangular wall of cardia tissue that separates L/R ventricles
auricles
ear shaped structures attached to each atria
papillary muscles
pillar shaped muscles; within the cavity of the ventricles, attached to their walls
trabeculae carneae
rounded or irregular muscular columns; project from the inner surface to the R/L ventricles
fossa ovale
depressed structure; located in the inferior aspect of the R inreratrial septum
ligamentum arteriosum
- ## connects descending aorta to left pulmonary artery
which side of the heart has thicker walls?
(R or L)
left
3 segments of the aorta
- ascending aorta
- transverse arch
- descending aorta
what structures emerge from the transverse arch of the aorta?
brachiocephalic trunk & (L) subclavian artery
coronary vasculature of the dog
artery*
3 layers of the arterial wall
- intima
- media
- adventitia
arterioles
small branch leading to capillaries
capillaries
blood vessels; transport blood, nutrients, & oxygen through body
veins
blood vessels
venules
very small vein; collects from capillaries
what is blood composed of?
(cells)
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
- platelets
erythrocytes
- contain hemoglobin
- 2 heme groups & 2 polypeptide groups
- 2 alpha globulins
- 2 beta globulins
leukocytes
- granulocytes (have granules)
- neutrophils
- basophils
- esinophils
- agranulocytes (DON’T have granules)
- lymphyoctes
- monocytes
- platelets
platelets
- small & NO nucleus
- role: clotting blood
- small pink granules
- formed by megakaryocytes in bone marrow
red blood cells
- bioconcave disc
- increase surface area to volume ratio
- Formed: bone marrow
- NO nucleus
- life span: 120 days
neutrophils
granules stain neither red or purple
- phagocytize material
- targets: bacteria & fungi
- contain:
- hydrogen peroxide
- collagenase
- lactoferrin
- life span: short ( hours - few days)
- multilobed nucleus
- 60~70% white blood cells
eosinophils
- pink granules
- bilobed nucleus
- participate:
- parasitic & allergy reactions
- contain:
- histamine
- peroxidase
- ribonuclease
- deoxyribonuclease
- etc…
- life span: 8-12 days
basophils
- granules stain purple
- NOT phagocytic
- similar to mass cells found in tissue
- role: allergic responses
- contain:
- histamine
- bradykinin
- serotonin
- lysosomal enzymes
- life span: few hours to days
- bilobed/trilobed nucleus
lymphyocytes
- round nucleus
- small amount of blue cytoplasm
- immune response:
- natural killer cells
- T lymphocytes
- B lymphocytes
natural killer lymphyocytes
- innate immune system
- destroys tumor cells & virally infected cells
T lymphyocytes
- formed by bone marrow
- mature in thymus
- cell-mediated immunity
- 2 MAJOR subtypes:
1) helper T cells:
- releases substances; regulate other immune cells
2) cytotoxic T cells:
- destroys virally infected cells, tumor cells
B lymphocytes
- mature in bone marrow
- humoral response (secretes antibodies)
monocytes
- blue cytoplasm
- nucleus NOT round
- bean shaped, horse-shoe shaped
- produce in bone marrow
- circulate briefly in blood, migrate into tissues
- mature in macrophages
