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ANSC 301: Anatomy > Lymphoid & Epithelial structures > Flashcards

Lymphoid & Epithelial structures Flashcards

1
Q

which two types of leukocytes are found in lymph nodes

A

Lymphocytes & macrophages

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2
Q

what are the structures that lymph flows as it enters and then leaves a lymph node

A
  • The subcapsular sinus drains to the trabecular sinuses
  • The trabecular sinuses empty into the medullary
    sinuses
  • The lymph flows out of the medullary sinuses via the
    efferent lymph vessels
  • The concave side of the lymph node is called the hilus
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3
Q

what is the main cell type in germinal centers of lymph nodes?

A

B cells

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4
Q

which type of white blood cells are most common in the outer (superficial) cortex; the deeper (paracortex) cortex; the medulla?

A
  • Outer (superficial) cortex:
    o B cells
  • Depper (paracortex) cortex:
    o T lymphocytes
  • Medulla:
    o Plasma cells
    o Macrophages
    o B cells
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5
Q

What three lymph nodes drain the head?

A
  • Parotid lymphocenter
  • Mandibular lympyhocenter
  • Retropharyngeal lymphocenter
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6
Q

which lymph node drains the first three mammary glands in the dog

A

axillary lymph node

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7
Q

which lymph nodes drain the udder of a cow

A

superficial inguinal lymph nodes

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8
Q

which structures are drained by the thoracic duct

A

Deep cervical lymph nodes

a. Along the trachea
b. Drains the deep/ventral structures of the neck to
the thoracic duct on the left side or the lymphatic
duct on the right

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9
Q

which structures are drained by the right lymphatic duct

A

Right and left tracheal (jugular) trunks

a. Travel along the trachea and drain the lymph nodes
of the head/neck
b. Empty into the thoracic duct on the left side, the
right lymphatic duct or the vessels of the thoracic
inlet

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10
Q

what structures drain into the visceral trunk (3 lymphocenters)

A

Drains the celiac, cranial and caudal mesenteric lymphocenters to the cisterna chyli

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11
Q

what side of the body is the spleen on?

A

left

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12
Q

what is an ellipsoid? What is another name for it?

A

Sheathed capillaries aka “ellipsoid”

  • Surrounded by open-filled spaces of the splenic cord
  • Accumulations by B lymphocytes & macrophages
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13
Q

what specific site of the spleen does erythrocyte phagocytosis occur?

A

splenic cords

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14
Q

what branch of the aorta supplies the spleen?

A

splenic artery

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15
Q

difference between red pulp and white pulp of the spleen

A

Red pulp:
- Makes up the bulk of the spleen

White pulp:
- Lymphatic tissue
- Forms nodules and sheaths of lymphocytes around
arteries and arterioles

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16
Q

marginal zone

A
  • Adjacent to the pulp
  • Most blood enters the red pulp in the marginal zone
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17
Q

which organ in the lymphoid system filters blood

A

spleen

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18
Q

organ is the primary lymphatic organ of mammals?

A

thymus

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19
Q

what is the main type of lymphocyte found in germinal centers? What is produced by germinal centers?

A
  • B-lymphocytes are the main lymphocyte found in germinal centers
  • Antibody secreting plasma cells & memory B cells
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20
Q

Do germinal centers form in the thymus?

A

NO

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21
Q

what are the three principle cell types found in the thymus?

A
  • Thymocytes
  • Macrophages
  • Epithelio-reticular cells
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22
Q

what are Hassal’s corpuscles? What organ are they found in?

A

Hassal’s corpuscles: concentric mass of epithelial cells

  • Only present in mammals
  • Located in the thymus
23
Q

What are the 5 layers of stratified squamous epithelium?

A
  • Stratum corneum (horned layer)
  • Stratum lucidum (clear layer)
  • Stratum granulosum (grainy layer)
  • Stratum spinosum (spiny layer)
  • Stratum basale (basal layer)
24
Q

what are the 2 layers of skin? How are they different?

A

Epidermis & dermis

  • The epidermis is the outer layer of the skin and contains no blood cells or nerves
  • The dermis is the inner layer of the skin and contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, glands, hair follicles, and muscle fibers
25
What are the 5 layers of epidermis (in the skin)? Know their key features
26
what are the 2 main types of dermal glands? Which one are mammary glands derived from?
- sweat glands and sebaceous glands o mammary glands are derived from sweat glands
27
what are the 2 types of sweat glands, and how are they different?
- Eccrine sweat gland: o Small, widely distributed glands o Mechanism for cooling - Apocrine sweat gland: o Larger o Oily and foamy secretions o Most common in the groin, axilla and scrotum of dogs and cats o Most numerous in the horse o This is the most common type of sweat gland in domestic animals
28
what are the 5 types of sensory receptors in the dermis of the skin?
- Merkel cells- respond to very light pressure o Found in small numbers near the stratum basale - Meissner’s corpuscles (tactile corpuscles) are sensitive to touch and are found in delicate areas such as the lips and fingertips (2) - Pacinian corpuscles detect pressure, vibrations o Lamellated o Rapidly adapting - Ruffini corpuscles o Slowly adapting o Stretch (4) - Free nerve endings sense pain, heat and cold, as well as touch (1) o Rapidly adapting
29
what are the three parts of a hair (cross section).
- Outer cuticle: o single layer of flat keratinized cells - Cortex: o compact dead cell layer under the cuticle - Medulla: o central region of the shaft, cuboidal or flat cells
30
what is the difference between wool and hair
- Wool (compound follicle): o several hairs emerge from a single opening o Found in dog, cat, sheep (wool growing areas) o Consists of a long principal (guard) hair and a number of smaller (wool) hairs, little medulla - Hair ((Single (simple) follicle)): o one hair emerges from a single opening o Found in horse, cattle, pig and sheep
31
How many teats are on each quarter (normally)?
4 depending on species
32
each species, know how many teats there are and what location (thoraco, abdomino, inguinal) they are in.
- Bitch: 10 (thoracoabdominoinguinal) - Queen: 8 (thoracoabdominal) - Sow: 10-18 (Thoracoabdominoinguinal) - Goat/sheep: 2 (inguinal) - Mare: 2 (inguinal)
33
what are 5 components of the suspensory system of the bovine udder
- Skin/superficial fascia - 4-quarter attachment o Coarse cord like tissue - Sub pelvic tendon - Lateral suspensory ligament o Superficial & deep - Median suspensory ligament o (most important)
34
where, specifically, is milk produced
produced in the alveoli
35
what are the 4 lymph nodes that drain the bovine udder
- subiliac lymph node - mammary superficial inguinal lymph node - ischial lymph node - deep inguinal lymph node
36
difference between hypsodont and brachydont teeth. Know which animals have which?
Brachydont teeth: (low-crowned) - the simple teeth of man, carnivores, pig, ruminant incisors and horse deciduous incisors. - They consist of a crown, neck, and root. Hypsodont teeth: - the teeth having no distinct neck, as seen in all permanent horse teeth, the ruminant cheek teeth, and the tusks of pigs. - Apart from the horse's canine teeth, they continue to erupt throughout life.
37
three substances that compose teeth, and their location in brachydont teeth and hypsodont teeth
- Cementum: a thin, bone-like covering o Low-crowned (brachydont) teeth:  the cementum covers the root only. o High-crowned (hypsodont) teeth:  covers the entire tooth, superficial to the enamel - Enamel: the hardest substance in the body o Densely calcified tissue; acellualar o Low-crowned (brachydont) teeth:  the enamel covers only the crown. o High-crowned (hypsodont) teeth:  enamel envelops the body (crown & body), but not the root. - Dentin: o a hard substance similar to bone forming the bulk of the tooth and surrounding the pulp cavity. o Calcified, yet collagen-rich
38
different types of teeth (e.g. incisor, etc.)
- Incisors - Canines - Premolars - molars
39
Know the directional terms used to describe the surfaces of teeth
40
when Galvayne’s groove first appears in the equine mouth?
Galvayne’s groove appears around age 10yrs old in the equine mouth
41
Memorize the dental formula of the dog and horse (permanent) and dog (deciduous)
dental formula (HORSE): permanent- 2(I 3/3 C 1(0)/1(0) P 3(4)/3 M) = 36-42 dental formula (DOG): deciduous- 2(I 3/3 C 1/1 P 3/3)= 28
42
Arrector pili
Smooth muscle fibers that can contract to pull the hair perpendicular to the skin surface by the nervous system in times of stress or cold
43
Teat cistern
“Teat sinus”- the large milk storage cavity within the teat and the glandular body
44
Gland cistern
“Udder”
45
Intermammary groove
external groove separating the two halves of the udder
46
Streak canal
“Teat canal” * duct leading from the teat sinus to the teat opening * stratified squamous epithelium * cells produce a sebaceous plug in the teat canal
47
White line
48
Stratum externum of hoof
49
Dental cup
50
Dental star
pulp cavity; first appears ~ 8 y
51
PULP
the soft tissue filling the pulp cavity, including sensory nerves, arteries, veins, lymphatics, and primitive connective tissue
52
CUSP
the individual bumps on the occlusal (chewing) surface of teeth
53
alveoli
the bony sockets of the incisive, mandible, and maxillary bones in which the root" of teeth are embedded.

ANSC 301: Anatomy (23 decks)

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