Respiratory System Flashcards
5 Functions of the respiratory system
Exchange of gases, regulation of blood pH, protection from inhaled pathogens and irritants, vocalisation and smell, alveolar capillary endothelial cells produce angiotension converting enzyme
What is ventilation of the lungs
Breathing
What is external respiration
Exchange of gases in lungs
What is internal respiration
Exchange of dissolved gases in body tissue
What is cellular respiration
Cells producing ATP using O2
What makes up upper respiratory tract
Nose, pharynx, larynx
What makes up lower respiratory tract
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Which lung is larger
Right Lung, LL is only 87% of size
Function of nose
Air passes through meatus (passage for air) and is warmed, humidified and filtered
What are sinuses
Mucus, membrane lined cavities in skull bones
What do goblet cells secrete
Mucus
Function of cilia
Move mucus and trapped particles up the bronchial tree and keep airways moist
Location of lungs
Extend from apex (superior to clavicle) to base at 6th rib (medially) and to 7th rib laterally
What is the hilum
Point where primary bronchus and pulmonary artery/ veins enter and leave lung
What is the pleura
Serous membrane which surround each lung
Two layers of the pleura
Visceral (adheres to lung) and Parietal (adheres to chest wall)
What exists in between two layers of pleura
Pleural fluid which lubricates movement between chest and lung
What occurs if air enters between two pleura
Pneumothorax & lung collapses
What makes up the respiratory membrane
Fluid, surfactant, epithelial cells. fused basement membranes and capillary endothelial cells
What do alveolar epithelial cells produce
angiotensin-converting enzyme which produces surfactant
what is surfactant
a detergent which reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid
Rule for movement of gases
Move from where they are at high partial pressure to where they are at low partial pressure
5 reasons gas exchange through the respiratory membrane is efficient
1 Substantial gas pressure gradient 2 diffusion distance is small 3 O2 and CO2 are lipid soluble 4 total surface area of alveoli is large 5 Blood flow and airflow are coordinated
Normal breathing body movement
Diaphragm moves down, external intercostals contract to move sternum forwards and ribs outward, increases volume of chest, air pressure decreases
Normal arterial blood gas values CO2 & O2
CO2 - 35-45mm Hg
O2 = 90-110mm Hg
Eupnoea vs Bradypnoea and Tachypynea
Normal , slow , fast
Dyspnea
Labored, difficult breathing
Apnoea
Cessation of breathing
How is oxygen transported in the blood
97% carried bound to haemoglobin , 3% dissolved in plasma
3 forms for transport of CO2 in the blood
7% - transported in solution in plasma
23% bound to haemoglobin in RBC
70% reacts with water and forms carbonic acid
Formula for production of carbonic acid with water
CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> HCO3^- + H^+
Movement of HCO3^-
Moves out of RBC into plasma in exchange for Cl-
What happens to H^+ after formation of carbonic acid
Stays in RBC & binds with Hb
What is tidal volume
Volume inhaled/ exhaled in one quiet breath
What is inspiratory reserve volume
Volume in excess of tidal that can be inhaled with max effort
Expiratory reserve volume
Volume in excess of tidal that can be exhaled with max effort
Residual volume
Volume of air remaining in lungs after max effort exhalation
Vital Capacity formula
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + Tidal Volume (TV) + Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Total lung capacity
Residual Volume + Vital Capacity
