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Nursing 2018 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes up the CNS

A

Brain + Spinal Cord

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2
Q

Functions of CNS

A

Integrates, processes, co-ordinates sensory data & motor commands

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3
Q

Function of PNS

A

Delivers Sensory information to CNS and carries out motor commands from CNS to peripheral tissue

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4
Q

What is a ganglion

A

Concentration of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS

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5
Q

Two divisions of PNS

A

Afferent and Efferent

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6
Q

Difference between afferent and efferent

A 
Afferent = Sensory neurons, carries impulses towards brain
Efferent = Motor neurons, away from brain
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7
Q

Two subsections of efferent division of PNS

A

Somatic and Autonomic

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8
Q

What does the somatic nervous system control

A

Skeletal muscle (voluntary contractions and reflexes

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9
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, diaphragm and glands (Involuntary AUTOmatic function)

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10
Q

Two subsections of the ANS

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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11
Q

Function Sympathetic division

A

Prepares body for flight or fight

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12
Q

Function of parasympathetic

A

Prepares body for rest & response

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13
Q

What are special senses

A

Located in special organs (vision, hearing, taste, smell, balance and acceleration)

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14
Q

Function of dendrites

A

Carry incoming impulses to cell body as graded potentials

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15
Q

What does the cell body of a nerve cell contain

A

Nucleus and Organelles

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16
Q

Function of an axon

A

Carries an action potential away from the cell body

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17
Q

What connects and axon the cell body and what may surround it

A

Axon hillock , myelin sheath

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18
Q

What are telodendria

A

Branching terminals of axon that synapse with another cell

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19
Q

What are unipolar neurons and what are most common type

A

Unipolar only have one attachment to cell body, most sensory neurons from skin are unipolar

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20
Q

What are bipolor neurons + examples

A

Have 1 processes from cell body: 1 axon and 1 fused dendrite. Found in retina, olfactory receptor cell

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21
Q

What are multipolar neurons and where are they found

A

Have many dendrites that attach to the cell body with a signal axon that ends in synpatic terminal, found in CNS, all motor neurons

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22
Q

List 4 types of neuroglia in CNS

A

Ependymal cells, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes

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23
Q

Function of astrocytes

A

control chemical environment around neurons

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24
Q

Function of microglia

A

Monitor neuron health are are macrophages

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25
Q

Function of oligodendrocytes

A

Produce myelin sheath and cholesterol

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26
Q

Two types of neuroglia in PNS

A

Satellite cells and Schwann Cells

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27
Q

Function of satellite cells

A

Surround cell bodies, supply nutrients and provide structure

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28
Q

Function of schwann cells

A

Form myelin sheath

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29
Q

What interrupts myelin sheath

A

nodes of Ranvier

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30
Q

Function of interneurons

A

Connect motor neurons to sensory neurons

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31
Q

What is resting membrane potential

A

Difference in distribution of ions between interior of a cell and extracellular fluid

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32
Q

What do all somatic motor neurons release at their synapses with skeletal muscle fibre

A

Acetylcholine

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33
Q

3 Meninges that surround the brain from outer to inner

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater

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34
Q

What is the dura mater

A

Tough outercoat of fibrous connective tissue

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35
Q

What is arachnoid mater

A

Attaches to inner surface of dura mater and ties arachnoid to pia mater (CSF fills the subarachnoid space and cushions brain agaist shock)

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36
Q

What is pia mater

A

Contacts the brain and contains many tiny blood vessels

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37
Q

Where does the cerbrum get 80% of it’s blood supply

A

R & L internal carotid arteries

38
Q

What forms the basilar artery

A

R & L vertebral arteries

39
Q

Function of circle of willis

A

Unites brain’s anterior and posterior blood supplies, connects basilar artery to the carotids, equalises blood pressure

40
Q

Whats a CVA

A

Block to blood circulation in brain due to clot where brain tissue dies.

41
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier

A

Endothelial cells of capillaries that serve brain are seamlessly joined together to each other by tight junction

42
Q

Function of blood brain barrier

A

Seperates brain from flucations in hormones, amino acids and ions that occur in blood

43
Q

What is the choroid plexus

A

Part of blood brain barrier but contains porous capillaries, plasma filtered through forms CSF

44
Q

Function of cerebrospinal fluid

A

Cushions brain, transports dissolved gases, nutrients, wastes and chemical messengers

45
Q

How does CSF re-enter blood

A

In supperior saggital sinus via arachnoid granulations

46
Q

What does the cerebrum consist of

A

Gyri (ridges) and Sulci (Grooves) on the brain surface which are organised into lobes

47
Q

What divides the left and right cerebral hemisphere

A

Longitudinal fissure

48
Q

Central sulcus function

A

seperates frontal lobe from parietal lobe

49
Q

Anatomyof each hemisphere

A

Has superifical layer of gray matter (cerebral cortex) over white matter .

50
Q

What are the islands of gray matter inside white matter called

A

Basal nuclei

51
Q

What is the cerebral cortex

A

our consicious mind

52
Q

Function of diencephalon

A

Links the brainstem with surrounding cerebral hemispheres

53
Q

What receptors does the hypothalamus have

A

Osmotic concentration, blood glucose and temp

54
Q

Function of thalamus

A

Directs attention to stimuli of interest and elicits emotional response

55
Q

Where is the pituitary gland

A

Dangles inferior to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum

56
Q

What does the pineal gland produce and what is its function

A

Melatonin which regulates circadian rhythm and reproductive functions

57
Q

What is circadian rhythm

A

physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a daily cycle

58
Q

What makes up the brainstem

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

59
Q

Function of brainstem

A

Centres within produce programmed automatic behaviours necessary for survival

60
Q

Function of cerebellum

A

Processes inputs from cerebral motor cortex, various brainstem nuclei and sensory receptors, subconsciously provides patterns of learned skeletal muscle contraction

61
Q

What is the limbic system

A

Network of neurons that span large distance in the brain but work together

62
Q

Functions of limbic system

A

Emotional brain

  • makes us want to do tasks
  • recorgnises facial expressions
  • triggers emotional reaction to smells
  • Produces emotion induced illness
  • Allows emotion to override logic
63
Q

Function of reticular formation

A

Receives and integrates all incoming sensory input

64
Q

What is the spinal cord enclosed by

A

Single layer dura mater

65
Q

What is a spinal cord break above L1 referred to as

A

Paraplegia

66
Q

What is spinal cord break above C7 referred to as

A

Quadriplegia

67
Q

What does spinal cord break above C5 cause

A

Possible respiratory failure or death

68
Q

Where is the phrenic nerve located

A

Arises from spinal nerves C3, C4 and C5 and innervates the diaphragm

69
Q

Where is the sciatic nerve located

A

L4, L5, S1-S3

70
Q

What are spinal reflexes

A

Rapid predictable motor responses to a stimulus without processing by the brain

71
Q

Reflex model pathway steps 1 - 5

A

1 Receptor
2 Sensory neuron transmits afferent impulses to CNS
3 Integration Centre in CNS
4 Motor neuron conducts efferent impulses to effector organ
5 Effector

72
Q

Function of cranial reflexes

A

Check for damage to cranial nerves or associated processing centres in brain stem

73
Q

Two neurons in ANS motor pathway

A

The preganglionic neuron and the unmyelinated post-ganglionic neuron

74
Q

Function of preganglionic neuron

A

Runs from CNS to a ganglion

75
Q

Function of unmyelinated post-ganglionic neuron

A

Runs from ganglion to effector

76
Q

What do all parasympathetic neurons release

A

ACh

77
Q

Parasympathetic effect on heart, lungs, eye, gut and reproductive system

A

Decreases HR, constricts bronchioles, constricts pupil, increases motility and secretions, sexual arousal

78
Q

Sympathetic system effect on heart, lungs, eyes, gut, urinary, blood vessels, sweat glands, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue

A

Increases HR & strength of contractoin, dilates bronchioles increases resp rate and depth of breathing, dilates pupils, decreases motility and secretion, decreases blood flow to the kidneys, constriction or dilation, stimulates sweating, increases in glycolysis and muscle tone, lipolysis

79
Q

4 regions of spinal cord

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

80
Q

What are anterior root branch

A

the axons of motor neurons

81
Q

what are posterior root branch

A

the axons of sensory neurons

82
Q

What are spinal ganglia

A

Contain cell bodies of sensory neuron that form the posterior root

83
Q

What two things do all spinal nerves have

A

White ramus communicans and gray ramus communicans

84
Q

Where does the posterior ramus supply to

A

skin/ muscles of back

85
Q

Where does anterior ramus supply to

A

Most of body wall, skin, limbs

86
Q

Describe form of gray matter

A

Butterfly/ H shape

87
Q

What are nerve plexuses

A

Interwoven network of nerve fibres

88
Q

Four major nerve plexuses

A

Cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral

89
Q

What are neural reflexes

A

Rapid, automatic response to specific stimuli

90
Q

4 classifications of reflexes

A

development, motor response, complexity of neural circuit, site of information processing

91
Q

What are innate reflexes

A

Basic neural reflexes formed before birth, are genetically programmed i.e withdrawal, chewing

92
Q

What are acquired reflexes

A

Rapid, automatic learned motor patterns enhanced by repetition, i.e braking a car in emergency

Nursing 2018 (14 decks)

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