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Nursing 2018 > Cardiovascular System and Blood > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System and Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

What two circuits make up the cardiovascular system

A

Pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit

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2
Q

Four chambers of the heart

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium and left ventricle

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3
Q

Which section of the heart receive blood from the systemic circuit

A

Right atrium

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4
Q

Which section of the heart receive blood from the pulmonary circuit

A

Left atrium

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5
Q

Which section of the heart pumps blood to the systemic circuit

A

Left ventricle

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6
Q

Which section of the heart pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit

A

Right ventricles

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7
Q

Atriums are involved in the … Circuit and ventricles are involved in the … Circuit

A

Systemic, pulmonary

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8
Q

Blood flow through the heart from the right atrium to the lungs

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, lungs

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9
Q

Blood flow from the lungs into systematic circulation

A

Lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, systemic circulation

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10
Q

What is the epicardium

A

The outer cardiac layer, a layer of serous membrane continuous with the visceral pericardial layer

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11
Q

What is the myocardium

A

Muscular middle layer made of specialised layers of concentric cardiac muscle

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12
Q

What is the endocardium

A

Inner cardiac layer made of simple squamous cells

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13
Q

What does pericardial fluid do

A

Provides lubrication for reducing friction between opposing surfaces during each heart beat

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14
Q

What’s are intercalated discs and what are they secured and linked by

A

interconnect cardiac muscle cells, they are secured by desmosomes and linked by gap Junctions

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15
Q

Two functions of intercalated discs

A

Convey force of contraction and propagate action potential

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16
Q

Are the walls of the left or right ventricle thicker

A

Left is is three times as thick as LV generates high pressure to eject blood against gravity, systemic blood pressure, viscosity of blood and the length of the systemic circuit

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17
Q

What are the four valves

A

Pulmonary valve, aortic valve - semilunar

mitral/ bicuspid valve and tricuspid valve - atrio-ventricular

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18
Q

What’s the function of valves

A

Prevent back flow of blood

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19
Q

Function of chordae tendinae and papillary muscles

A

Provide anchorage and strength

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20
Q

What causes the Lub Dub sound of the heart

A

Lub is the closure of both AV valve sand the Dub is the closure of both semilunar valves
Lub is systole, dub is diastole

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21
Q

What do heart murmurs indicate

A

Abnormal turbulence through the heart

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22
Q

Five factors that promote blood flow to the heart

A

Walking (leg muscles), valves in deep leg veins preventing back flow, breathing, function of the right and left hand side of the heart, viscosity of the blood

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23
Q

Where do coronary arteries supply blood to

A

The heart only

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24
Q

Where do coronary veins drain blood from

A

The heart only

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25
Q

Where do cardiac veins drain blood into

A

The coronary sinus which drains blood into the right atrium -> usual blood flow through the heart

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26
Q

Two main branches of left coronary artery

A

Circumflex artery and anterior interventricular artery

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27
Q

What is plaque in the heart referred to as

A

Atherosclerotic plaque

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28
Q

What is a thrombus

A

A clot

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29
Q

First common symptom of CAD

A

Angina pectoris

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30
Q

What is myocardial infarction

A

Non reversible ischaemia where there is permanent cell death of myocardial tissue

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31
Q

Direction of heart beat

A

Atria then ventricles

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32
Q

What are the two types of cardiac muscle cells

A

Conducting and Contractile cells

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33
Q

Where does the cardiac cycle begin

A

Begins with action potential at the SA node

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34
Q

What does automaticity mean

A

Cardiac muscle tissue contracts automatically

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35
Q

Three structures of the conducting system

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node and the conducting cells

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36
Q

Two functions of conducting cells

A

Interconnect SA and AV nodes and distribute stimulus through myocardium

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37
Q

How many action potentials per minute do the SA and AV node generate

A

SA - 80-100

AV - 40-60

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38
Q

What is the AV bundle

A

Bundle in the septum that carries impulse to left and right bundle branches and to the moderator band

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39
Q

Function of purkinje fibers

A

Distribute impulse through ventricles

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40
Q

Bradycardia and tachycardia

A

Slow heart rate and fast heart rate

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41
Q

What are ectopic pacemakers

A

Abnormal cells that generate a high rate of action potentials and disrupt ventricular contractions

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42
Q

3 sections of an ECG

A

P wave, QRS complex and T wave

43
Q

What occurs during the P wave

A

Atria depolarise

44
Q

What occurs during the QRS complex

A

Ventricles depolarise

45
Q

What occurs during the T wave

A

Ventricles repolarise

46
Q

What is the role of calcium ions in cardiac contractions

A

Produce contraction via an increase in calcium ion conc. Around myofibrils

47
Q

Phases of the cardiac cycle from atrial systole

A

Atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular systole 1st and 2nd phase, ventricular diastole and repeat

48
Q

What occurs during atrial systole

A

Atrial contraction forces small amount of additional blood into relaxed ventricles,

49
Q

What occurs during the first phase of ventricular systole

A

Ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closed but does not create enough pressure to open semilunar valves

50
Q

Second phase of ventricular systole

A

Pressure begins to rise, once it exceed pressure in arteries the Semilunar valves open and blood is ejected

51
Q

Ventricular diastole phase

A

Ventricles relax and pressure drops, floods flows back against cusps of Semilunar valves forces them closed, blood flows into relaxed atria

52
Q

How long does the cardiac cycle last at 75bpm

A

About 800msec

53
Q

What happens to the phases of the cardiac cycle when heart rate increases

A

They shorten, especially diastole

54
Q

Formula for cardiac output

A

Cardiac output = heart rate times stroke volume (mL/beat)

55
Q

Two factors effecting heart rate

A

Autonomic intervention and hormones

56
Q

How is stroke volume calculated

A

End-diastolic volume minus End-systolic volume

57
Q

Two things cardiac centre monitors

A

Blood pressure (baroreceptors) and arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide levels (chemoreceptors)

58
Q

What does ACh and NE do

A

ACh slows the heart (parasympathetic) and NE speeds heart (sympathetic)

59
Q

What does the atrial / Bainbridge reflex do

A

Adjusts heart rate in response to venous return

60
Q

Three hormones that increase heart rate

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine and thyroid hormone

61
Q

Two factors effecting the stroke volume

A

Filling time and venous return

62
Q

What is the frank-starling principle

A

As EDV increases, stroke volume increases

63
Q

Three factors that effect ESV (end SYSTOLIC volume)

A

Preload, contractility and after load

64
Q

What is cardiac reserve

A

The difference between resting and maximal cardiac output

65
Q

What is pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium, can follow infection or MI as a result of excess pericardial fluid, fibrin or pus accumulation

66
Q

What is cardiac tamponade

A

Accumulation of too much pericardial fluid

67
Q

Features of cardiac muscle fibres

A

Striated, uni-nucleate, intricately branched and joined by intercalated discs

68
Q

How are skeletal muscle fibres arranged

A

Parallel

69
Q

What are intercalated discs

A

Porous junctions which permit sodium, potassium and calcium to diffuse from cell to cell

70
Q

What are cardiac cells held together by

A

Connections called desmosomes and myofibrils anchored to intercalated disc

71
Q

What separates the two upper chambers of the heart

A

Interatrial septum

72
Q

Where does the right atrium receive blood from the body

A

The superior and inferior vena cava

73
Q

Function of the coronary sinus

A

Empties into the right atrium and drains blood from the vessels supplying the heart

74
Q

What is the fossa ovalis

A

Depression which is the remnant of the opening in the foetal heart called foramen ovale

75
Q

Where does the left atrium recieve blood from

A

From the four pulmonary veins coming from the lungs

76
Q

Whats an auricle

A

Pouched appendage that increases the volume of the atrium

77
Q

Where does the right ventricle recieve blood from

A

The right atrium and pumps it via the pulmonary artery to the lungs

78
Q

Why does the left ventricle have the thickest muscle walls

A

It must pump blood out through the aorta to the rest of the body

79
Q

Function of heart valves

A

Prevent blood re-entering chamber it just left

80
Q

List four heart valves

A

Tricuspid, bicuspid/ mitral, 2 semilunar

81
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located

A

Separates right atrium and right ventricle

82
Q

Where is the bicuspid/ mitral valve located

A

Left atrium and left ventricle

83
Q

Anatomy of cuspid valves

A

Constructed of flaps of endocardium, are anchored to the papillary muscles by chordae tendinae

84
Q

Where are the 2 semilunar valves located

A

Start of the pulmonary and aortic artery

85
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart and what is its purpose

A

Tough elastic tissue that encircles the heart valves and base of aorta and pulmonary trunk, electrically isolates ventricular cells from atrial cells

86
Q

Blood flow through the heart to pulmonary circulation

A

Vena cava (S or I) into the right atrium, through tricuspid valve into right ventricle, through pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk and pulmonary circulation

87
Q

Blood flow through heart from lungs

A

Comes through from pulmonary veins into Left atrium, through mitral valve to left ventricle then through aortic valve into aorta and systematic circulation

88
Q

Pathway for blood supply to the heart

A

Left coronary -> circumflex and anterior interventricular arteries. Right coronary -> marignal and posterior interventricular arteries

89
Q

Main cause for CAD

A

Atherosclerosis (build up of fatty deposits in the arteries)

90
Q

What is ischemia

A

Inadequate amount of blood to the heart muscle

91
Q

What is angina pectoris

A

Chest pain due to lack of oxygen

92
Q

What occurs if there is total occlusion of an arterial branch

A

Death of myocardial tissue (myocardial infarction)

93
Q

What occurs during ventricular systole

A

Is contraction of ventricles, myocardium contracts and when pressure is high enough blood is pushed through semilunar valves into aorta/ pulmonary trunk

94
Q

What occurs during ventricular diastole

A

Is relaxtion of ventricles, blood in aorta/ pulmonary trunk force semilunar valve shut, blood flows into atria and ventricles

95
Q

What is a heart murmur

A

Some blood ‘regurgiated’ through mitral valve back into left atrium

96
Q

What is the sodium and potassium balance in regards to resting membrane potential in myocardial cells

A

Sodium +

Potassium -90

97
Q

3 stages of action potential in ventricular muscle cell

A

Rapid depolarisation, the plateau, re polarisation

98
Q

What occurs during depolarisation in ventricular muscle cell

A

Caused by Na+ entry and results in closure of voltage-gated fast sodium channels (Lasts 3-5msec)

99
Q

What occurs during Plateau in ventricular muscle cell

A

Caused by Ca^2+ entry and results in closure of slow calcium channels (lasts appox 175msec)

100
Q

What occurs during repolarisation in ventricular muscle cell

A

Caused by K+ loss and results in closure of slow potassium channels (Lasts 75msec)

101
Q

Formula for cardiac output

A

Stroke volume x Heart Rate

102
Q

What is cardiac output

A

Measure of how much blood moves around the body in a given time

103
Q

3 Main elements of blood

A

Platelets, Leukocytes, Erthtrocytes

Nursing 2018 (14 decks)

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