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Nursing 2018 > Module 4 - Fluids & pH > Flashcards

Module 4 - Fluids & pH Flashcards

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1
Q

What are isotopes

A

Version of a element that is dependent on its mass number

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2
Q

Mass number =

A

Number of protons + number of neutrons

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3
Q

How do polar water molecules keep ions and small polar molecules in solution

A

They form hydration spheres

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4
Q

What are electrolytes

A

Inorganic ions that conduct electricity in solution

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5
Q

What’s a colloid

A

Solution of very large organic molecules eg blood plasma

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6
Q

Where does the exchange amoung subdivisions of extra cellular fluid occur

A

Primarily across endothelial lining of capillaries

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7
Q

The body composition from most to least in Kg

A

Proteins, lipids, minerals, carbohydrates, miscellaneous

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8
Q

What’s the difference between the osmotic concentration of ICF and ECF

A

They’re identical due to osmosis

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9
Q

Do homeostatic mechanisms response to changes in the ECF or ICF

A

ECF

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10
Q

Three hormones effecting fluid and electrolyte balance

A

Antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, natriuretic peptides

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11
Q

What two things does antidiuretic hormone stimulate

A

Water conservation in the kidneys and thirst

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12
Q

What causes antidiuretic hormone production

A

When osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus pick up a change in osmotic concentration in the ECF, then neurons secrete ADH

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13
Q

Where in the hypothalamus is antidiuretic hormone released

A

Axons of neurons in anterior hypothalamus near fenestrated capillaries during neurohypophysis

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14
Q

What does the rate of release of antidiuretic hormone depend on

A

Osmotic concentration, higher concentration = increased release

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15
Q

What happens to plasma volume and electrolyte concentration when the body loses water

A

Plasma volume decreases, electrolyte concentration rises

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16
Q

What happens when water is lost but electrolytes remain

A

ECF osmotic concentration rises and water moves from the ICF to ECF

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17
Q

What are the results of severe water loss

A

Excessive sweating, inadequate water consumption, vomiting, diarrhoea

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18
Q

What are two physiologic mechanisms to water loss

A

ADH and Renin secretion

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19
Q

If ECF volumes rises, blood volume goes ….

A

Up

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20
Q

If ECF volume drops, blood volume …

A

Goes down

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21
Q

What is hyponatremia

A

When body water content rises (over hydration)

22
Q

What is hypernatremia

A

Body water content declines (dehydration)

23
Q

Two steps of potassium balance

A

Rate of gain across digestive epithelium, rate of loss into urine

24
Q

What regulates potassium loss in urine

A

Ion pumps

25
Q

Acids are proton ,,, and bases are proton ,,,

A

Donor, acceptor

26
Q

What do buffers do

A

Neutralise either strong acids or bases

27
Q

Important buffer in humans

A

Sodium bicarbonate

28
Q

What are antacids

A

Basic compounds that neutralise acid and form a salt

29
Q

Equilibrium equation for carbonic acid

A

H2CO3 H^+ + HCO3^-

30
Q

What is acidosis

A

Physiological state resulting from abnormally low plasma pH

31
Q

What is alkalosis

A

Physiological state resulting from abnormally high plasma pH

32
Q

What body systems in particular do acidosis and alkalosis effect

A

Nervous and cardiovascular system

33
Q

Three types of acids in the body

A

Fixed acids, organic acids, volatile acids

34
Q

What are fixed acids

A

Acids that do not leave solution, once they’re produced they remain in body fluids until eliminated by kidneys

35
Q

Two most important fixed acids in the body

A

Sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid

36
Q

What are organic acids

A

There are two types, those produced by aerobic metabolism and those produced by anaerobic metabolism

37
Q

What is carbonic acid

A

A volatile acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere

38
Q

What happens to carbonic acid in solution with peripheral tissues

A

Interacts with water to form carbonic acid

39
Q

What is released when carbonic acid dissociates

A

Hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions

40
Q

What is carbonic anhydrase

A

Enzyme that catalyses dissociation of carbonic acid

41
Q

What is the most important factor affecting pH in Body tissues

A

Pco2

42
Q

What happens to pH when CO2 levels rise

A

pH goes down as H+ and bicarbonate ions are released

43
Q

How does process at the alveoli effect pH

A

Blood pH rises as CO2 diffuses into the atmosphere

44
Q

How are H+ ions gained and eliminated

A

Gained - at digestive tract, through cellular metabolic actives
Eliminated - at kidneys and in urine, at lungs

45
Q

Why must H+ ions be neutralised

A

To avoid tissue damage

46
Q

List the three major buffer systems

A

Protein buffer systems, carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system, phosphate buff system

47
Q

What does the protein buffer system do

A

Helps regulate pH in ECF and ICF,

48
Q

What does the phosphate buffer system buffer

A

pH of ICF and urine?

49
Q

What does the protein buffer system depend on

A

Amino acids

50
Q

How does the protein buffer system work if pH rises

A

If pH rises causes carboxyl group of amino acids to dissociate acting as a weak acid releases a hydrogen ion chases the group to become a carboxylate ion

51
Q

How does protein buffer system work if pH drops

A

Carboxylate ion and amino group act as weak bases and accept H+ ion which forms a carboxyl group and amino ion

Nursing 2018 (14 decks)

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