Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nursing 2018 > Module 5 - Muscles & Digestive system > Flashcards

Module 5 - Muscles & Digestive system Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Nursing Mental Health flashcards Nursing Management of Care flashcards NCLEX-PN® flashcards NCLEX-RN® flashcards Nursing Fundamentals flashcards Nursing Pediatrics flashcards Nursing Safety & Infection flashcards Nursing Pharmacology flashcards Nursing Maternity flashcards Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) flashcards
1
Q

4 functions of muscles

A

Produce movement, maintain posture, stabilise joints, generate heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

4 characteristics of muscles cell

A

Excitability, contractibility, extensibility, elasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 types of muscles in the body

A

Smooth, cardiac and skeletal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do skeletal muscles do

A

Attach to skeleton to produce motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Six functions of skeletal muscle tissue

A

Produce skeletal movement, maintain posture and body position, support soft tissues, guard entrances and exits, maintain body temperate, store nutrients reserves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do origin and insertion mean

A

Muscles have a fixed point of attachment (origin) and one moving point of attachment (insertion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What’s a agonist do

A

Produces a particular movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does an antagonist do

A

Opposes movement of particular agonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does a synergist do

A

A smaller muscle that assists a larger agonist and helps stabilise origin of agonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Agonists and antagonists ….

A

Work in pairs, when one contracts the other stretches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Anconeus

A

Elbow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Auricularis

A

Auricle of ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Brachial is

A

Bra him

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Capitis

A

Head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Carpi

A

Wrist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cervicis

A

Neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Externus

A

Superficial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Extrinsic

A

Outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Inferioris

A

Inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Internus

A

Deep, internal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Intrinsic

A

Inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lateralis

A

Lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Medialis / medius

A

Medial, middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Three layers of muscle tissue

A

Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Epimysium surround …

A

Each individual muscle cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Perimysium surround

A

each bundle of muscle of cells called a fascicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Endomysium surrounds

A

Each muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Function of epimysium

A

Separates muscle from surrounding tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the epimysium

A

The exterior collagen Layer that’s connected to deep fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does the perimysium

A

Contains blood vessel and nerve supply to fascicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does the endomysium

A

Capillaries, nerve fibers and myosatellite cells (stem cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the sarcolemma

A

The cell membrane of a muscle fiber cell, surrounds the sarcoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are transverse tubules

A

Tubules that transmit action potential through cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What do transverse tubules allow

A

Entire muscle fibers to contract simultaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are myofibrils

A

Lengthwise subdivisions within muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are myofibrils made of

A

Bundles of protein filaments (myofilaments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are Thin filaments

A

Made of protein actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are thick filaments made of

A

Protein myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the membranous structure surrounding each myofibril called

A

Sacroplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are triads formed by

A

One tubules and two terminal cisternae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Function of cisternae

A

Release Ca^2+ into sacromeres to begin muscle contraction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Between thick and thin filaments A band or I band

A

Thick filaments = A

Thin filament = I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Where is the m line

A

The centre of A band at the midline of the sarcomere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Where is the H band

A

The area around the M line has thick filaments but no thin filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Where are the Z lines

A

At the centre of the I bands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are Titan

A

Are strands of protein that reach from tips of thick filaments to the Z line to stabilise the filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What do myosin heads do during contraction

A

Interact with actin filaments forming cross-bridges and pivot producing motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the sliding filament theory

A

Thin filaments of sarcomere slide toward M line alongside thick filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Process of contraction

A

Neural stimulation of sarcolemma which causes excitation-contraction coupling where muscle fibers contract through interaction of Thick and thin filaments, tension is produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction

A

Special intercellular connection between the nervous system and skeletal muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What does the neuromuscular junction control

A

Controls calcium ion release into the sarcoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What does contraction duration depend on

A

Duration of neural stimulus, number of free Ca2+ ions and the availability of ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What happens during muscle relaxation

A

Ca2+ conc drops, Ca2+ detaches from troponin actives sites are re-covered by tropomyosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is rigor Mortis

A

Fixed muscular contraction after death where ion pumps cease to function and calcium builds up in the sarcoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What are motor units

A

Is in a skeletal muscle contain hundreds of muscle fibers that contract at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is isotonic contraction

A

Skeletal muscle changes length resulting in motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is isometric contraction

A

Skeletal muscle develops tension, but is prevented from changing Length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is creatine phosphate

A

The storage molecules for excess ATP energy in resting muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What does creatine kinase do

A

Recharges ADP to ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are the two ways do cells produce ATP

A

Aerobic metabolism of fatty acids in the mitochondria and anaerobic glycolysis in the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is glycolysis

A

Primary source for energy source for peak muscular activity, produces 2 ATP per molecule of glucose, breaks down glucose from Glycogen stored in skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is aerobic respiration

A

Primary energy source of resting muscles, breaks down fatty acids where 34 ATP are produced per glucose molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

How is ATP generated during light activity

A

Anaerobic breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids or amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

How is energy provided during peak activity

A

Anaerobic reactions that generate lactic acid as a byproduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is anabolism

A

Use raw materials to synthesise essential compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is catabolism

A

Process of Decomposing Substances to provide energy cells need to function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Two ingredients for catabolic reactions

A

Oxygen and organic molecules broken down by intracellular enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is the digestive tract

A

A muscular tune the extends from oral cavity to anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Where does the digestive tract extend through from top to bottom

A

Pharynx, esophagus, stomach and small and large intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

4 accessory organs of the digestive system

A

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Ingestion

A

Occurs when materials enter digestive tract via the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What is mechanical processing

A

Crushing and shearing makes materials easier to propel along digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What is digestion

A

The chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments for absorption by digestive epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is secretion

A

Release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers and salts by epithelium of digestive tract by glandular organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What is absorption

A

Movement of organic substrates, electrolytes, vitamins and water across digestive epithelium into interstitial fluid of digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What is excretion

A

Removal of waste products from body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What are the digestive organs and the peritoneum

A

Lined with serous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What does the serous membrane contain

A

Superficial mesothelium, serosa, parietal peritoneum

79
Q

Four major layers of the digestive tract

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

80
Q

3 steps of peristaltic motion

A

Circular muscles contract behind bolus, longitudinal muscles ahead of bolus contract, wave of contraction in circular muscles

81
Q

What is segmentation

A

Cycles of contraction that churn and fragment the bolus and mix contents with intestinal secretions

82
Q

What are hormonal mechanisms

A

18 peptide hormone that affect most aspects of digestive functions

83
Q

What are peptide hormones produced by

A

Enteroendorcine cells in digestive tract

84
Q

4 functions of the oral cavity

A

Sensory analysis, mechanical processing, lubrication, limited digestion

85
Q

4 functions of the tongue

A

Mechanical processing, manipulating to assist in chewing and prepare material for swallowing, sensory analysis and secretion of mucins and lingual lipase

86
Q

Three pairs of salivary glands that secrete into oral cavity

A

Parotid salivary glands, sublingual salivary glands and submandibular salivary glands

87
Q

4 functions of saliva

A

Lubricating the mouth, moistening and lubricating materials in the mouth, dissolving chemicals that stimulates taste buds, initiating digestion by salivary amylase

88
Q

What is mastication

A

Also called chewing, food is forced from oral cavity to vestibule and back

89
Q

What is the pharynx

A

A common passageway for solid food, liquids and air

90
Q

Three regions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

91
Q

What is the esophagus

A

A hollow muscular tube that conveys solid food and liquids to the stomach

92
Q

Three layers of the esophagus

A

Mucosal, submucosal and muscularis

93
Q

Three phases of deglutition (swallowing)

A

Buccal phase, pharyngeal phase, esophageal phase

94
Q

4 major functions of the stomach

A

Storage of ingested food, mechanical breakdown of ingested food, disruption of chemical bonds in food, production of intrinsic factor

95
Q

Where are gastric glands

A

In fundus and body of stomach

96
Q

What are pyloric glands

A

Glands located in the pylorus, produce mucous secretion

97
Q

What do g cells In the pyloric glands produce

A

Gastrin

98
Q

What do d cells In the pyloric glands produce

A

Somatostatin

99
Q

Three phases of gastric control

A

Cephalic, gastric and intestinal

100
Q

What is the production of acid and enzymes by the gastric mucosa controlled by

A

CNS

101
Q

What two things regulate the production of acid and enzymes by the gastric mucosa

A

Short reflexes of ENS and hormones of digestive tract

102
Q

What happens during digestion and absorption in the stomach

A

Stomach contents become more fluid, pH approaches 2.0, pepsin activity increases and protein disassembly

103
Q

Functions of the small intestine

A

Plays a role in digestion and absorption of nutrients (90% of nutrient absorption)

104
Q

What is the duodenum

A

The segment of small intestine closest to the stomach

105
Q

Functions of the duodenum

A

Receive chyme from the stomach and neutralise acids before they can damage the absorptive surfaces of the small intestine

106
Q

What is the jejunum

A

The middle segment of small intestine

107
Q

What occurs at the jejunum

A

Chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

108
Q

What is the Ileum

A

The final segment of the small intestine that ends at the ilececal valve

109
Q

What is the ileocecal valve

A

A sphincter that controls flow of material from the ileum into the cecum of the large intestine

110
Q

What are plicae circulares

A

Permanent Transverse folds in intestinal lining

111
Q

What are intestinal villi

A

A series of finger like projections in mucosa of small intestines

112
Q

What are intestinal glands

A

Mucous cells between columnar epithelial cells

113
Q

What’s the function of intestinal glands

A

Eject mucins onto intestinal surfaces

114
Q

What are brush border enzymes

A

Intergral membrane proteins on the surfaces of microvilli that break down materials in contact with brush border

115
Q

What is enteropeptidase

A

A brush border enzyme that activates pancreatic proenzyme trypsinogen

116
Q

What are enteroendocrine cells

A

Produce intestinal hormones such as gastric, cholecystokinin and secretin

117
Q

What are intestinal secretions

A

Watery intestinal juice, moisten chyme ,assist in buffering acids and keep digestive enzymes and products of digestion in solution

118
Q

What is the function of gastrin

A

Promotes increased stomach motility and stimulates acids and enzyme production

119
Q

When is secretin released

A

When chyme arrives in duodenum

120
Q

Function of secretin

A

Increases secretion of bile and buffers by liver and pancreas

121
Q

When is gastric inhibitory peptide

A

Secreted when fats and carbohydrates enter small intestine

122
Q

Functions of cholecystokinin

A

Accelerates pancreatic production and secretion of digestive enzymes,

123
Q

Cholecystokinin releases …

A

Hepatopancreatic sphincter and gallbladder

124
Q

Function of vasoactive intestinal peptide

A

Stimulates secretion of intestinal glands, dilates regional capillaries, inhibits acid production in stomach

125
Q

Function of enterocrinin

A

Stimulates mucin production by submucosal glands of duodenum

126
Q

Shape of the large intestine

A

Horse shoe

127
Q

Where does the large intestine extended from and to

A

Ileum to anus

128
Q

4 functions of the large intestine

A

Reabsorption of water, compaction of intestinal Contents into feces, absorption of important vitamins produced by bacteria, storage of fecal matter

129
Q

4 parts of the large intestine from start to finish

A

Cecum, colon, appendix and rectum

130
Q

Four regions of the colon

A

Ascending colon, transverse, descending and sigmoid

131
Q

What is the anal canal and what does it contain

A

Last portion of the rectum, contains small longitudinal folds called anal columns

132
Q

What is the internal anal sphincter

A

A circular muscle layer of muscularis externa

133
Q

What is the external anal sphincter

A

Encircle distal portion of anal canal, is a ring of a skeletal muscle fibers under voluntary control

134
Q

What two things are reabsorbed in the large intestine

A

Water and bile salts

135
Q

What two things are absorbed in the large intestine

A

Vitamins and organic waste

136
Q

Three vitamins produced in the large intestine

A

Vitamin K, Biotin, Vitamin B5

137
Q

What are indole and skatole

A

Nitrogen compounds responsible for odour of faeces

138
Q

What do digestive enzymes do

A

Break molecular bonds in large organic molecules in hydrolysis

139
Q

Three things brush border enzymes break things into

A

Sugars, phosphates and nitrogenous bases

140
Q

What do lobules of the pancreas contain

A

Contain blood vessels and tributaries of pancreatic

141
Q

What is pancreatic alpha-amylase

A

Carbohydrase that breaks down starches

142
Q

What’s pancreatic lipase do

A

Breaks down complex lipids

143
Q

What liver lobules

A

Basic functional units of the liver

144
Q

Function of hepatocytes

A

Adjust circulating levels of nutrients through selective absorption and secretion

145
Q

Function of hepatocytes

A

Absorb solutes from plasma and secrete materials such as plasma proteins

146
Q

Describe the bile duct system

A

Liver secretes bile fluid into a network of narrow channels (bile canaliculi) between opposing membranes of adjacent liver cells

147
Q

Function of the right and left hepatic ducts

A

Collect bile from all bile ducts of liver lobes

148
Q

Where does the common bile duct empty into

A

Duodenal ampulla

149
Q

Where does the cystic duct lead to

A

Gallbladder

150
Q

What forms the common bile duct

A

Cystic duct and common hepatic duct

151
Q

Where does blood leaving absorptive surfaces of digestive tract enter

A

Hepatic portal system and flows into the liver

152
Q

Function of liver cells

A

Extract nutrients or toxins from the blood before they reach systemic circulation through hepatic veins

153
Q

What does the liver do to excess nutrients

A

Removes and/or stores them

154
Q

Function of bile

A

Emulsification where bile salts break lipid droplets apart

155
Q

Function of the gallbladder

A

Stores and concentrates bile prior to excretion into small intestine

156
Q

Function and location of the cystic duct

A

Extends from gallbladder, forms union with common hepatic duct forms common bile duct

157
Q

What is cholecystokinin

A

Intestinal hormone that causes gallbladder to release bile into duodenum

158
Q

Six stages of the digestive process

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Propulsion (swallowing & peristalsis)
  3. Mechanical Digestion
  4. Chemical Digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
159
Q

What does propulsion

A

Swallowing & Peristalsis

160
Q

What does mechanical digestion involve

A

Chewing, mixing with salvia, churning in stomach mixing food and digestive enzyme

161
Q

What is chemical digestion

A

Hydrolyses complex food molecules into monomers via enzymes

162
Q

Function of mucosal barrier

A

Prevents stomach from digesting itself

163
Q

3 phases of regulation for gastric secretion

A

Cephalic, Gastric, Intestinal

164
Q

Entero-endocrine cells

A

Secrete secretin, CCK

165
Q

Function of paneth cells

A

secrete lysozymes

166
Q

Whats absorbed in the large intestine

A

Water and electrolytes

167
Q

Hydrolysis of sucrose formula

A

C12H22O11 + H2O -> C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

168
Q

What do things that hydrolyse carbohydrates end in

A

-ase

169
Q

What do things that hydrolyse proteins end in

A
  • peptidase
170
Q

What are nucleic acids hydrolysed by

A

pancreatic nucleases and brush border enzymes

171
Q

what does amylase digest

A

carbohydrates

172
Q

what does lipase digest

A

fats and oils

173
Q

what does nuclease digest

A

nucleic acids

174
Q

what does CCK stand for

A

cholecystokinin

175
Q

Function of the liver

A

Filters monosaccharides and amino acids

176
Q

functional unit of the liver

A

hepatocytes

177
Q

Hepatocytes bile process

A

Secrete bile into canliculi which drain into bile ducts which drain into the common hepatic duct which joins with cystic duct to become bile duct

178
Q

Two blood suppplies for lobule

A

1) Hepatic artery

2) Hepatic portal vein

179
Q

Hepatic artery vs hepatic portal vein

A

artery carries oxygenated blood, vein deoxygenated blood with nutrients absorbed from digestive tract

180
Q

How does blood from hepatic artery and vein enter liver

A

via the portal arteriole and portal venule respectively

181
Q

What is the function of the liver if blood glucose is low

A

Glycogen stored in liver is converted to glucose and released to the blood (Glycogenolysis), gluconeogenesis, other sugars also converted to glucose

182
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules to glucose

183
Q

Function of the liver if blood glucose is high

A

Glucose is converted to glycogen and triglyerides & stored in liver and adipose tissue

184
Q

Process of bilirubin excretion in liver

A

Bilirubin -> urobilinogen (by bacteria in the gut) -> urobilin and stercobilin (a yellow brown pigment)

185
Q

Function of kupffer cells

A

remove bacteria originating from intestines and worn out RBC and WBC

186
Q

What is lactic acid produced by

A

Anaerobic muscle metabolism of pyruvic acid

187
Q

What is hepatitis

A

Inflammatory disease of liver

188
Q

What is cirrhosis

A

Prolonged inflammation due to chronic alcoholism

189
Q

Function of gall bladder

A

Store and concentrates biles

190
Q

What is the main function of the vagus nerve

A

Primary pathway for parasympathetic NS communication to and from the brain

191
Q

Absorption of monosaccharides process

A

Transported into epithelial cell by protein carriers and then by facilitated diffusion into capillary blood

192
Q

How is vitamin B absorbed

A

Involves intrinsic factor being secreted by the stomach

193
Q

What transport is used for absorption of minerals

A

Active transport

Nursing 2018 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions